Toxicology Pt. 1

Question 1

toxicant

Answer 1

man made poison introduced into the environment

Question 2

toxin

Answer 2

natural poison produced by a living organism

Question 3

toxicity

Answer 3

the amount or degree of toxin/toxicity it takes to damage an organism

Question 4

toxicosis

Answer 4

disease state induced by the toxin/toxicant

Question 5

nanotoxicology

Answer 5

Branch of toxicology which studies the toxicity of
nanoparticles (ultrafine particle between 1-100 nanometres in diameter)

Question 6

NOAEL =

Answer 6

No observed adverse effect level

Question 7

LOAEL =

Answer 7

Lowest observed adverse effect level

Question 8

LC50

Answer 8

Lethal Concentration 50- concentration required to kill 50% of the
population

Question 9

LD50

Answer 9

Lethal dose 50- dose at which 50% of population dies

Question 10

acute/subacute/chronic toxicology timelines

Answer 10

acute: happens from an exposure within 24 hrs
subacute: w/n 24hrs-1 month
chronic: w/n 1-3 months

Question 11

what is a toxic endpoint?

Answer 11

-measures of relative toxicity of a compound based on studies conducted to determine how
dangerous a substance is
-endpoints can include mortality, behavior, reproductive status or physiological or biochemical changes

Question 12

Developmental/reproductive toxicology (DART) study purpose

Answer 12

ensure the safety of new life-saving drugs before they go on the market.
-used to develop safety guidelines to reduce exposure
risks for different populations, including pregnant women, infants and young children.
-studies fall into 2 main categories: developmental (pre-natal development) and reproductive (looks at all aspects of fertility)

Question 13

Which agencies have guidelines for DART studies?

Answer 13

FDA, EPA

Question 14

The toxicity tests that are required in the U.S. are dictated by test guidelines put forth by the

Answer 14

International Conference on Harmonization (ICH)

Question 15

Three DART tests are required for small molecule pharmaceuticals:

Answer 15

1) Embryo-Fetal Development (EFD)
2) Fertility and Early Embryonic Development (FEED)
3) Pre- and Postnatal Development study (PPN)

Question 16

the EPA requires DART testing for product registration of pesticides

Answer 16

T

Question 17

Toxic Substance Control Act

Answer 17

EPA law that regulates testing requirements for industrial chemicals.
-EXCLUDES food, drugs, cosmetics, pesticides

Question 18

Most common type of herbicide resistance

Answer 18

Target-site resistance

(herbicides target a specific site in a plant to bind and shut it down in order to kill the weed. Plants can adapt to prevent this binding ie. via a change to an amino acid residue chain)

Question 19

Non-target site resistance aka metabolic resistance

Answer 19

occurs when weeds develop the ability to rapidly metabolize the herbicide before it can cause significant biotoxic effects

Question 20

how to prevent herbicide resistance in plants

Answer 20

tank-mix multiple herbicides in each application to reduce probability plant is resistant to both

Question 21

DNA adduct

Answer 21

segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical

-used as biomarkers of
carcinogen exposure, but necessarily cancer

Question 22

ADME =

Answer 22

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

(describes pharmacokinetics)

Question 23

Absorption

Answer 23

describes the journey of drug traveling from the site of
administration to the site of action

Question 24

Distribution

Answer 24

describes reversible transfer of the drug from one location to
another within the body

Question 25

Metabolism

Answer 25

conversion and breakdown of the drug within the body

Question 26

Excretion

Answer 26

process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism

Question 27

OSHA =

Answer 27

Occupational and Safety and Health Administration -a division of the US Dept of Labor -concerned with making sure employers provide their workers a place of employment free from recognized hazards to safety and health, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions

Question 28

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

Answer 28

provides for federal regulation of pesticide distribution, sale, and use

Question 29

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Answer 29

gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave” including the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste

Question 30

Clean Air Act

Answer 30

federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. -authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants

Question 31

Clean Water Act

Answer 31

establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters -makes it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters unless a permit obtained

Question 32

Safe Drinking Water Act

Answer 32

authorizes EPA to establish minimum standards to protect tap water and requires all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with these primary (health-related) standards

Question 33

Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFOs) are considered point sources

Answer 33

T

Question 34

Conditions to be considered a Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

Answer 34

-animals are stabled or confined and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period -crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility

Question 35

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA aka Superfund)

Answer 35

provides a Federal "Superfund" to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment

Question 36

Pollution Prevention Act

Answer 36

focused industry, government, and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use. -Pollution prevention includes practices that increase efficiency in the use of energy, water, or other natural resources, and protect our resource base through conservation

Question 37

National Response Center

Answer 37

the designated federal point of contact for reporting all oil, chemical, radiological, biological and etiological discharges into the environment, anywhere in the United States and its territories -staffed by the Coast Guard

Question 38

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

Answer 38

atuhorizes EPA to set tolerances, or maximum residue limits, for pesticide residues on foods

Question 39

Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

Answer 39

requires that EPA: -make a safety finding when setting tolerances, i.e., that the pesticide can be used with “a reasonable certainty of no harm” -use this new safety standard to reassess, over a 10-year period, all pesticide tolerances that were in place -use an additional tenfold safety factor when setting and reassessing tolerances for children -consider aggregate risk from exposure to a pesticide from multiple sources