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ACVPM > Toxicology Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Toxicology Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

toxicant

A

man made poison introduced into the environment

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2
Q

toxin

A

natural poison produced by a living organism

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3
Q

toxicity

A

the amount or degree of toxin/toxicity it takes to damage an organism

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4
Q

toxicosis

A

disease state induced by the toxin/toxicant

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5
Q

nanotoxicology

A

Branch of toxicology which studies the toxicity of
nanoparticles (ultrafine particle between 1-100 nanometres in diameter)

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6
Q

NOAEL =

A

No observed adverse effect level

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7
Q

LOAEL =

A

Lowest observed adverse effect level

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8
Q

LC50

A

Lethal Concentration 50- concentration required to kill 50% of the
population

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9
Q

LD50

A

Lethal dose 50- dose at which 50% of population dies

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10
Q

acute/subacute/chronic toxicology timelines

A

acute: happens from an exposure within 24 hrs
subacute: w/n 24hrs-1 month
chronic: w/n 1-3 months

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11
Q

what is a toxic endpoint?

A

-measures of relative toxicity of a compound based on studies conducted to determine how
dangerous a substance is
-endpoints can include mortality, behavior, reproductive status or physiological or biochemical changes

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12
Q

Developmental/reproductive toxicology (DART) study purpose

A

ensure the safety of new life-saving drugs before they go on the market.
-used to develop safety guidelines to reduce exposure
risks for different populations, including pregnant women, infants and young children.
-studies fall into 2 main categories: developmental (pre-natal development) and reproductive (looks at all aspects of fertility)

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13
Q

Which agencies have guidelines for DART studies?

A

FDA, EPA

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14
Q

The toxicity tests that are required in the U.S. are dictated by test guidelines put forth by the

A

International Conference on Harmonization (ICH)

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15
Q

Three DART tests are required for small molecule pharmaceuticals:

A

1) Embryo-Fetal Development (EFD)
2) Fertility and Early Embryonic Development (FEED)
3) Pre- and Postnatal Development study (PPN)

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16
Q

the EPA requires DART testing for product registration of pesticides

A

T

17
Q

Toxic Substance Control Act

A

EPA law that regulates testing requirements for industrial chemicals.
-EXCLUDES food, drugs, cosmetics, pesticides

18
Q

Most common type of herbicide resistance

A

Target-site resistance

(herbicides target a specific site in a plant to bind and shut it down in order to kill the weed. Plants can adapt to prevent this binding ie. via a change to an amino acid residue chain)

19
Q

Non-target site resistance aka metabolic resistance

A

occurs when weeds develop the ability to rapidly metabolize the herbicide before it can cause significant biotoxic effects

20
Q

how to prevent herbicide resistance in plants

A

tank-mix multiple herbicides in each application to reduce probability plant is resistant to both

21
Q

DNA adduct

A

segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical

-used as biomarkers of
carcinogen exposure, but necessarily cancer

22
Q

ADME =

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

(describes pharmacokinetics)

23
Q

Absorption

A

describes the journey of drug traveling from the site of
administration to the site of action

24
Q

Distribution

A

describes reversible transfer of the drug from one location to
another within the body

25
Q

Metabolism

A

conversion and breakdown of the drug within the body

26
Q

Excretion

A

process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an
organism

27
Q

OSHA =

A

Occupational and Safety and Health Administration
-a division of the US Dept of Labor
-concerned with making sure employers provide their workers a place of employment free from recognized hazards to safety and health, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions

28
Q

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

A

provides for federal regulation of pesticide distribution, sale, and use

29
Q

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

A

gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the “cradle-to-grave” including the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste

30
Q

Clean Air Act

A

federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources.
-authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants

31
Q

Clean Water Act

A

establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters
-makes it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters unless a permit obtained

32
Q

Safe Drinking Water Act

A

authorizes EPA to establish minimum standards to protect tap water and requires all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with these primary (health-related) standards

33
Q

Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFOs) are considered point sources

A

T

34
Q

Conditions to be considered a Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

A

-animals are stabled or confined and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period
-crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility

35
Q

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA aka Superfund)

A

provides a Federal “Superfund” to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment

36
Q

Pollution Prevention Act

A

focused industry, government, and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use.
-Pollution prevention includes practices that increase efficiency in the use of energy, water, or other natural resources, and protect our resource base through conservation

37
Q

National Response Center

A

the designated federal point of contact for reporting all oil, chemical, radiological, biological and etiological discharges into the environment, anywhere in the United States and its territories
-staffed by the Coast Guard

38
Q

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

A

atuhorizes EPA to set tolerances, or maximum residue limits, for pesticide residues on foods

39
Q

Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

A

requires that EPA:
-make a safety finding when setting tolerances, i.e., that the pesticide can be used with “a reasonable certainty of no harm”
-use this new safety standard to reassess, over a 10-year period, all pesticide tolerances that were in place
-use an additional tenfold safety factor when setting and reassessing tolerances for children
-consider aggregate risk from exposure to a pesticide from multiple sources

ACVPM (20 decks)

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