Environmental Health Pt. 1 Flashcards
factors that contribute to antiparasitic resistance
-biology of the parasite
-strength of the infected animal’s immune system
-practices used to treat the parasite
-properties of the particular antiparasitic drug used
-certain livestock management practices
FDA’s strategy to combat antiparasitic resistance is called
Antiparasitic Resistance Management Strategy
-promotes sustainable use of approved antiparasitic drugs in livestock and horses
-since 2018, requests that animal drug companies voluntarily disclose antiparasitic resistance information
Proper use of antiparasitics includes:
-proper dosing
-give directly to animal instead of adding to feed or water
-close monitoring of herds and flocks to determine the extent of antiparasitic resistance
-should only be used as part of an overall internal parasite control program that includes other non-drug methods ie. rotating pastures, avoiding over-grazing, managing manure
A Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of 90-95% means:
the parasite treatment was efficacious
A Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of <90% means:
indicates resistance
A community of living and non-living things that work together
Ecosystem
Ecosystems of the world -
-agroecosystem
-aquatic ecosystem
-coral reefs
-deserts
-forests
-human ecosystems
-littoral zone
-marine ecosystem
-prairie
-rainforest
-savanna
-steppe
-taiga
-tundra
-urban ecosystem
the study of how living things (individuals, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere) interact with each other in the environment, including the
ecology
Energy flow pyramid
Producers > primary consumers > secondary consumers > tertiary consumers on top
Carbon cycle
-carbon is chemical backbone of life on Earth
-most is stored in rocks and sediments, other located in ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms
-plants move C from the atmosphere into the biosphere through photosynthesis
-respiration, excretion and decomposition release C back into the atmosphere or soil
T/F: the ocean holds 50 times more C than the atmosphere
T
Extra CO2 released from burning fossil fuels is resulting in lowering the ocean’s pH, through a process called
ocean acidification
__% of the earth’s atmosphere is Nitrogen
78%
Nitrification
Process where ammonium is changed into nitrates by bacteria, which can be absorbed by plants
Assimilation
plants absorb nitrates from the soil in their roots and then utilize the nitrogen in forming amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll
Fixation
Lightning can change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate (useable form), or bacteria change nitrogen into ammonium
Ammonification
when plant or animal dies, fungi or bacteria convert nitrogen back into ammonium
Denitrification
Extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back into the air, sometimes by bacteria
Steps of nitrogen cycle
1) fixation
2) nitrification
3) assimilation
4) ammonification
5) denitrification
algae is estimated to replace 90% of all oxygen used in the biosphere
N/A
Oxygen is second only to N in abundance in the atmsphere
N/A
water cycle
liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow.
Water in different phases moves through the atmosphere (transportation). Liquid water flows across land (runoff), into the ground (infiltration and percolation), and through the ground (groundwater). Groundwater moves into plants (plant uptake) and evaporates from plants into the atmosphere (transpiration). Solid ice and snow can turn directly into gas (sublimation).
Natural Resource Management
the sustainable utilization of major natural resources such as land, water, air, minerals, forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna
ultimate goal of wildlife conservation
stop the loss of Earth’s biodiversity
Lacey Act
-enacted in 1900
-America’s first wildlife protection law
-prohibited interstate trafficking in wildlife that have been taken, possessed, transported or sold in violation of a wildlife-related state, federal, foreign or tribal law or regulation
-prohibits making or submitting a false record, account or label for wildlife transported or intended for transport, in interstate or foreign commerce
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
-protects almost all North American birds
-makes it illegal to buy, sell, hunt, etc. any part of migratory birds
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
-Currently lists 1925 species and populations of plants and animals that are in imminent danger of extinction (endangered or threatened)
-makes it illegal to import/export/buy/sell etc. any endangered or threatened species
Marine Mammal Protection Act
illegal to buy/sell etc. any marine mammal or marine mammal product unless specifically exempted
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
an international treaty regulating trade in threatened and endangered wildlife and plants. There are 171 countries which have signed.
-establishes 3 lvls of protection for species at various levels of risk of extinction
-must have CITES permit in order to import specimens
Provisioning
products provided by the ecosystem ie. marine products, fresh water, raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources
What are 3 ecosystem services
1) Provisioning
2) Regulating
3) Cultural services
Regulating
Encompasses how humans and wildlife benefit from the regulation of ecosystem processes ie. climate regulation, waste treatment, etc.
Cultural services
services related to the non-material world ie. art, music, spiritual symbolism, recreation, tourism, etc.
How is air quality measured
Air Quality Index
AQI tracks 5 major air pollutants
1) ground level ozone
2) CO
3) sulfur dioxide
4) nitrogen dioxide
5) airborne particles or aerosols
Two air pollutants that pose the greatest risk to human health in the US
-ground level ozone
-airborne particles
how is ground level ozone created?
when sunlight reacts with chemical emissions (NO2, CO, methane)
Air Quality Index (AQI) is from 0-500.
0-50 = good
51-100 = moderate
101-150 = unhealthy for sensitive groups
151-200 = unhealthy
201-300 = very unhealthy
301-500 = hazardous
What does the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)
collects information about particles in our air ie. smoke particles, airborne dust, urban and industrial pollution, ash, ground level ozone
-also measures CO
NOAA’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES-R) monitor particle pollution in our atmosphere
They take measurements q 5 mins
Clean Air Act
-amended in 1990
-requires EPA set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for various pollutants
-identifies 2 types of national ambient air quality standards (primary and secondary)
Primary: provide PH protection, including protecting health of sensitive population
Secondary: provide public welfare protection, including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops, vegetation and buildings
EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for 6 principal “criteria” pollutants:
1) Carbon monoxide
2) Lead
3) Nitrogen Dioxide
4) Ozone
5) Particle pollution
6) Sulfur dioxide
An estimated 4.2 million premature deaths globally are linked to ambient air pollution, mainly from heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and acute respiratory infections in children.
NA
Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for:
29% of all deaths and disease from lung cancer
17% of all deaths and disease from acute lower respiratory
infection
24% of all deaths from stroke
25% of all deaths and disease from ischaemic heart disease
43% of all deaths and disease from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pollutants with the strongest evidence for PH concern
particulate matter
ozone
nitrogen dioxide
sulphur dioxide
Nearly 90% of the 4.2 million premature deaths due to ambient air pollution occurred in low- and middle-income countries, with the greatest burden in the WHO Western Pacific and South-East Asia regions.
T
Birds with lung lesions secondary to poor air quality can account for about __% of all rejections at meat inspection
30%
Dust in animal buildings contains many biologically active substances such as bacteria, fungi, endotoxins and residues of antibiotics (as a result of veterinary treatments) that are suspected to be hazardous to human health.
T
work inside pig buildings doubles or triples the incidence of respiratory symptoms
T
