Food Protection Pt. 2 Flashcards
Naturally-occurring chemical/toxicological hazards
toxins produced by plants, animals or microorganisms
ie. aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous neuro toxins in mushrooms, scombotoxins in fish
Intentionally added chemical/toxicological hazards
chemicals added beyond acceptable limits
ie. sodium nitrate additives
unintentionally added chemical/toxicological hazards
sanitation or maintenance chemicals, pesticides or environmental pollutants
toxic metals include:
copper, brass, cadmium, lead, zinc
Big 8 food allergens
- crustaceans
- eggs
- fish
- milk (dairy)
- peanuts
- soy
- tree nuts
- wheat
T/F: Food allergens are considered chemical hazards by the FDA
T
Chemical hazards of meat and poultry found in raw materials
pesticides, antibiotics, hormones, toxins, fertilizers, fungicides, heavy metals, PCBs
Potential sources/routes of contamination in food
-incoming materials
-food contact surfaces
-non-food chemicals
-employees
-zinc in galvanized containers can make acidic foods poisonous
-incorrect labeling of food allergens
- cross contamination
Hazard that may be intentionally added to milk for purpose of economic gain
melamine (artificially increases apparent protein content)
Hazard that may be intentionally added to tumeric for purpose of economic gain
lead chromate
-chemical with vibrant yellow color
Hazard that may be intentionally added to chili powder for purpose of economic gain
Sudan I
-orange-red powder added as a coloring agent but is a carcinogen
Animal drug residues may be of concern for what kind of foods?
Foods on animal origin ie. muscle/organ meat, eggs, honey and milk
heavy metals may be of concern in what type of foods?
foods that are the result of agricultural practices such as use of pesticides containing heavy metals or because crops are grown in soil containing elevated levels of heavy metals due to industrial waste, leaching from equipment, containers, etc.
Where are mycotoxins most commonly found?
Grains, peanuts, fruits, and tree nuts
acidic foods can become contaminated in gray enamelware containers and become poisonous
N/A
types of mycotoxin and commodities where they are most commonly found
-aflatoxin (peanuts, dried corn, tree nuts)
-ochratoxin (coffee, raisins, cereal grains)
-fumonisins (dried corn)
-deoxynivalenol (wheat, barley)
-patulin (apples)
common types of radiological contamination in food
-iodine 131
-radium-226/228, uranium
-plutonium 239
-strontium 96
-cesium 137
routes of radiological contamination of food
-via contaminated water
-accidental contamination (release from nuclear facility)
-iodine 131 via milk and surface water supplies
food types with highest risk of radiological contamination
milk, vegetables, seafood
common types of physical contaminants in food
metal, glass, plastic (usually from manufacturing equipment, picked up when food harvested in the fields, or people-related)
who establishes tolerances for veterinary drugs?
FDA
who establishes tolerances for registered pesticides?
EPA
role of FSIS National Residue Program
monitors for violative residues in meat, poultry, and egg products
What does FDA’s “TALK Before You Treat” program stand for?
T - talk to your vet before giving any drug
A - ask if drug is approved by FDA for use in animals
L - look at the label; make sure dosage, etc is correct before giving
K - keep complete treatment records
steps to prevent drug residues in milk
- establish valid VCPR
- keep accurate records of abx use
- implement preventive herd health plan
- maintain milk quality and implement effective mastitis management program to reduce need for abx
- have proper employee training
- use drugs approved for specific disease indications according to label
- don’t use drugs that aren’t approved for use in specific class of cattle
- segregate and milk treated animals after or in separate facility from non-treated animals to prevent commingling of milk
- use drug residue screening tests before marketing milk/meat
- don’t market milk and/or cull treated animals if in doubt about residue status
structural biosecurity
measures used in the physical construction and maintenance of coops, pens, poultry houses, family farms, commercial farms, and other facilities
operational biosecurity
practices, procedures, policies that are consistently followed by people
methods of prevention of pathogen colonization in animals (cattle)
-good sanitation esp. during warm months
-separate housing of calves and heifers to prevent cross-contamination
-appropriate animal density
-feeding strategies (ie. fasting before slaughter to reduce fecal output and E. coli shedding)
-clean/chlorinated water
-vaccines
-probiotics
-competitive exclusion (non-pathogenic bacteria exclude pathogenic bacteria from colonizing)
-prebiotics (nondigestible feed ingredients that stimulate growth of favorable bacteria)
-synbiotics (combo of pre and probiotics)
-botanicals/phytogenics (plant-derived compounds that have antimicrobial actions)
-bacteriophages (virus that kill bacteria)
2 main pathways that bacteria develop resistance
1) mutations of chromosomes
2) mobile genetic elements (ie. plasmids/replicons)
5 Principles to develop antimicrobial stewardship in a veterinary practice setting
- commit to stewardship
- advocate for a system of care to prevent common diseases
-identify barriers to improve dz prevention
-consider alternatives to abx - select and use antimicrobial drugs judiciously
- evaluate antimicrobial drug use practices
- educate and build expertise
-support research, educate clients
Summarized AABP prudent drug usage guidelines
-only use abx within a valid VCPR
-strong clinical evidence is needed before using drugs
-product choices and regimens should be based on science with a specific clinical outcome desired
-use at appropriate dosage/duration for condition treated
-avoid treating chronic cases if likelihood of abx resistance is high
-combo abx therapy is discouraged
-local therapy preferred over systemic when appropriate
-prophylactic use of abx should not be standard practice
-avoid compounding abx
-don’t prescribe too high of a quantity to prevent stockpiling on the farm
-vets should attend CE and play major role in training farm personnel on proper use of abx
pathogens that pose an “urgent threat” for abx resistance
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter
Candida auris
Clostridioides difficile
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
pathogens that pose a “serious threat” for abx resistance
Drug-resistant Campylobacter
Drug-resistant Candida
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella
Drug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi
Drug-resistant Shigella
Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA)
Drug-resistant Strep pneumoniae
Drug-resistant Tuberculosis
NIAMRRE
National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education (NIAMRRE)
-drives cross-sector engagement and coordinated action to combat the global threat of abx resistance across humans, animals, and the environment
Which bacteria are of concern for abx resistance in both humans and animals?
-Enterobacteriaceae
-Acinetobacter
-MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella
-Campylobacter
-Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA)
