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Pharmacology Fall 2015 > Toxicology L 11-12 > Flashcards

Toxicology L 11-12 Flashcards

1
Q

activated charcoal

A

absorbs toxins

does not absorb heavy metals or lipid soluble solvents

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2
Q

average gastric emptying time

A

4 hours

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3
Q

three contraindications for removing stomach contents

A

after 30 min with corrosive materials
hydrocarbon solvents
altered mental states (coma, etc.)

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4
Q

when hemodialysis is most effective

A

for drugs with lower Vd

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5
Q

Ipecac

A

common emetic

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6
Q

ammonium chloride

A

lowers pH of urine to increase excretion of bases

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7
Q

sodium bicarbonate

A

raises pH of urine to increases excretion of acids

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8
Q

magnesium sulfate

A

cathartic

potent laxitive

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9
Q

mannitol

A

osmotic diuretic

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10
Q

deferoxamine mesylate

A

chelation for iron poisoning

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11
Q

dimercaprol

A

chelation: mercury, arsenic, gold, lead poisoning

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12
Q

edetate

A

chelation: lead

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13
Q

penicillamine

A 
chelation
wilson's disease
rheumatoid arthritis
coppe, lead
cysteinuria
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14
Q

acetylcystein

A

acetaminophen toxin inactivation

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15
Q

digoxin-specific FAB antibody

A

cardiac glycoside toxicity inactivation

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16
Q

antibodies used for toxins

A

snake bites
botulinum toxin
others…

17
Q

atropine

A

antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisons

18
Q

pralidoxime chloride

A

cholinesterase reactivator for organophosphates

19
Q

cyanide package

A

sodium nitrite
sodium thiosulfate
amyl nitrite

20
Q

ethanol as antidote

A

antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol

21
Q

fomepizole

A

alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor to treat ethylene glycol poisoning

22
Q

bicarbonate as an antidote

A

treatment of poisoning by cardiac depressants

23
Q

diazepam

A

treats chemical induced convulsions

24
Q

pyridoxine

A

isoniazid neuropathy

25
Q

Botulinus toxin

Clostridium botulinum

A

heat-labile protein
from dirty foods: meats, home canned/bottled items
blocks release of Ach=> flaccid paralysis
vomiting, double vision, paralysis
treatment: emesis, lavage, antitoxin

26
Q

Food poisoning

A

Salmonella
Bacterium cereus
Staph. aureus
symptoms 2-4 hrs, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, dehydration, shock

27
Q

Bleach ingestion

A

very strong base
painful damage to mucous membranes and down esophagus
no emesis! no acid! (lead to burns)
give milk, melted ice cream, beaten raw eggs
water if on skin

28
Q

Organophosphates

A

irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors
SLUD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation
headache, dizziness, weakness, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, sweating, diarrhea, resp. difficulty, pulmonary edema, cyanosis
Treat: atropine, 2-PAM to counteract anti-cholinesterase activity

29
Q

Carbamates

A

like organophosphates, but can’t use 2-PAM

30
Q

Dinitrophenols

A

uncouple oxidative phosphorylation => increased temperature and metabolic rate

31
Q

Paraquat

A

redox recycling causes free-radical formation and injury to lungs

32
Q

halogenated hydrocarbons

A 
CCl4 is well-studied
liver metabolism through c P-450 => free-radical formation which causes lipid peroxidation => increased cell calcium and cell death
all are CNS depressants
cause arrhythmias
liver and kidney damage
Treat: remove source, support vitals
33
Q

Methanol

A

CNS depressant
metabolized into formaldehyde and formic acid
visual disturbances, blindness, metabolic acidosis
can cause death from resp failure and acidosis
Gastric Lavage
50% ethanol, or use fomepizole
Bicarb for acidosis

34
Q

Ethylene glycol

A

similar to methanol
CNS depression
kidney damage from calcium oxalate chrystals
treat with ethanol and fomepizole

35
Q

Lead Poisoning

A

accumulates in body, especially bones
Line on gums, constipation, abdominal pain, kidney damage
Children: CNS damage from immature BBB=> irritability, behavior disturbances, loss of recent skills, coma, weakness, paralysis, wrist-drop, ankle-drop
Treat: chelation can cause more harm, but is sometimes necessary

36
Q

Iron

A

GI irritation, metabolic acidosis, necrosis, hemorrhage

Treat: deferoxamine mesylate

37
Q

Mercury

A

GI damage is primary cause of symptoms
Abdominal pain, vomiting may be bloody, sever kidney damage => anuria
salivation, mercury line on gums
Coarse jerky movements, delusions, hallucinations, mania (mad as a hatter), tremor, stomatitis

38
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

headache, dizziness, stupor
Cherry red carboxyhemoglobin
Treat: 100% O2 fast!

39
Q

Cyanide

A

smells like almonds
complexes with iron to inhibit mitochondrial use of O2
dizziness, headache, unconsciousness, convulsions, resp. failure
Treat: rapid! sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite+. methemoglobin
sodium thiosulfate binds cyanide

Pharmacology Fall 2015 (12 decks)

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