Toxicology Concepts Flashcards
What is a drug
any substance that when administered produces a change in function
what is toxicology
the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents
What is pharmacology
the study of the science of drugs including their uses, effects, and modes of action
What is the therapeutic effect
intended physiological effect of drug
what is an indication
medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used
What is a contraindication
conditions/circumstances for which the drug should not be used
what is caution
conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects
what is a side effect
unintended effect other than therapeutic dose
may or may not be negative
what is an adverse effect
a side effect that is negative
what is a toxic effect
adverse effect of a drug resulting in drug poisoning
what is an interaction
drugs, supplements, or foods that may alter the effect of the drug, and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy
what is the site of action
location within body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect
what is the mechanism of action
how a drug produces its effects
what is the receptor site
action usually begins after drug attaches itself to some chemical structure
what is an agonist
drugs that bind to a specific receptor and produce an action
what is an antagonist
drugs that bind to specific receptors prohibiting an effect
what is competitive antagonism
when both agonist and antagonists drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together
what is competitive antagonism used for
treated a drug overdose
how is strength of a drug calculated
via dose and frequency
what is dose
amount of drug given to produce an effect
dose response curve (s shape)
what is frequency
how often drug is given
time-response curve (parabola)
what is proportional to the dose
drug response
What is the ceiling effect
maximal response
what is the effective dose 50
dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response
what is ED50 used for
to compare potency of drugs
what is the minimum dose
smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect
what is the maximum dose
largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity
what is the loading dose
initial high dose used to quickly elevate blood levels of that drug
what is maintenance dose
dose required to keep the drug blood levels steady in order to maintain the desired effect
what is the therapeutic dose
dose customarily given to produce desired effect
what is the toxic dose
amount of drug that will produce harmful side effects of symptoms of poisoning
