Toxicology Concepts

Question 1

What is a drug

Answer 1

any substance that when administered produces a change in function

Question 2

what is toxicology

Answer 2

the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents

Question 3

What is pharmacology

Answer 3

the study of the science of drugs including their uses, effects, and modes of action

Question 4

What is the therapeutic effect

Answer 4

intended physiological effect of drug

Question 5

what is an indication

Answer 5

medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used

Question 6

What is a contraindication

Answer 6

conditions/circumstances for which the drug should not be used

Question 7

what is caution

Answer 7

conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects

Question 8

what is a side effect

Answer 8

unintended effect other than therapeutic dose

may or may not be negative

Question 9

what is an adverse effect

Answer 9

a side effect that is negative

Question 10

what is a toxic effect

Answer 10

adverse effect of a drug resulting in drug poisoning

Question 11

what is an interaction

Answer 11

drugs, supplements, or foods that may alter the effect of the drug, and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy

Question 12

what is the site of action

Answer 12

location within body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect

Question 13

what is the mechanism of action

Answer 13

how a drug produces its effects

Question 14

what is the receptor site

Answer 14

action usually begins after drug attaches itself to some chemical structure

Question 15

what is an agonist

Answer 15

drugs that bind to a specific receptor and produce an action

Question 16

what is an antagonist

Answer 16

drugs that bind to specific receptors prohibiting an effect

Question 17

what is competitive antagonism

Answer 17

when both agonist and antagonists drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together

Question 18

what is competitive antagonism used for

Answer 18

treated a drug overdose

Question 19

how is strength of a drug calculated

Answer 19

via dose and frequency

Question 20

what is dose

Answer 20

amount of drug given to produce an effect

dose response curve (s shape)

Question 21

what is frequency

Answer 21

how often drug is given

time-response curve (parabola)

Question 22

what is proportional to the dose

Answer 22

drug response

Question 23

What is the ceiling effect

Answer 23

maximal response

Question 24

what is the effective dose 50

Answer 24

dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response

Question 25

what is ED50 used for

Answer 25

to compare potency of drugs

Question 26

what is the minimum dose

Answer 26

smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect

Question 27

what is the maximum dose

Answer 27

largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity

Question 28

what is the loading dose

Answer 28

initial high dose used to quickly elevate blood levels of that drug

Question 29

what is maintenance dose

Answer 29

dose required to keep the drug blood levels steady in order to maintain the desired effect

Question 30

what is the therapeutic dose

Answer 30

dose customarily given to produce desired effect

Question 31

what is the toxic dose

Answer 31

amount of drug that will produce harmful side effects of symptoms of poisoning