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tox > toxicology ch3 test > Flashcards

toxicology ch3 test Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular

A

critical to our life

composed of heart, blood vessels, blood, and blood cells

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2
Q

Arrhythmias

A

irregularities in heartbeat

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3
Q

Tachycardia

A

fast heartbeat

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4
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heartbeat

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5
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors

A
  • found in membranes in tissues
  • binds epinephrine (as well as drugs and toxicants)
  • action mediated by cAMP messenger system
  • PKA phosphorylates myosin light chain kinase which causes smooth muscle relaxation
  • vasodilation and bronchodilation
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6
Q

cAMP messenger system

A

a nucleotide generated from ATP through the action of the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

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7
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

speeds up the heart

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8
Q

Isoproterenol

A

beta-receptor agonist (treats bradycardia)

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9
Q

ephedrine

A

slows heart down

increases blood pressure

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10
Q

digoxin

A

belongs to a class of medications called cardiac glycosides
eliminated via kidneys
Na+, K+ ATPase inhibitors

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11
Q

foxglove plant (digitalis lanata)

A

derives heart medicine digoxin and digitoxin

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12
Q

digitoxin

A

also part of cardiac glycosides
eliminated via liver
Na+, K+ ATPase inhibitors

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13
Q

cardiomyopathies

A

apotosis and necrosis commonly seen in toxicant damaged heart

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14
Q

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKS)

A

initiates apoptosis

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15
Q

Cobalt

A

blocks calcium channels (voltage-gated channels)

hypertension can be treated with calcium channel blockers (therefore cant contract)

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16
Q

alcohol cardiomyopathy

A 
kills myocytes (muscles cells)
inhibits protein synthesis- either alcohols or acetaldehydes
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17
Q

Doxorubicin (adriamycin)

A

antitumor drug for leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, carcinomas

  • P450 metabolized it to a free radical (oxidative stress)
  • intercalates into DNA (wedges into bases)
  • apoptosis
  • leads to congestive heart failure-up to 36% of patients
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18
Q

Hemmorrhage

A 
snake venom (hemotoxins)
complex mixture of proteins ("zootoxins")
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19
Q

Hemotoxins

A

toxins affect blood

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20
Q

metalloproteinases (digests proteins)

A

(hemorrhagins)
catalytic site has a metalion (Zn, Co)
-carboxypeptidases
enzymes found in snake venom:phospholipase A2, proteinases, nucleotidases, L-amino ancid oxidase
seperate endothelial cells from basement membrane- capillaries
-cause platelet aggregation

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21
Q

vasoregulation

A

changes in vascular smooth muscle tone

adrenergic receptors

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22
Q

alpha 1 receptors

A

blood vessels

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23
Q

beta 1

A

heart

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24
Q

beta 2

A

lungs

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25
Q

aldosterone

A 
main role is to regulate salt and water in the body
mineralocorticoid hormone (adrenal  cortex)
•Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone control system
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26
Q

nitric acid

A

vasodilation

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27
Q

nitrates

A

nitric acid which activates guanylate cyclase(enzyme GTP to cGMP) (relaxes smooth muscle= vasodilation)

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28
Q

Cadmium (5 ppm), lead, mercury

A

hypertension in rats

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29
Q

atherosclerosis

A

disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.

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30
Q

carbon disulfide

A

colorless, volatile, corrosive liquid
insecticide
direct injury to endothelial cells
increase blood cholesterol and atherosclerosis

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31
Q

pancytopenia

A

caused by to damage bone marrow

decrease in numbers to red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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32
Q

aplastic anemia

A

no new blood cells (ex. benzene, lindane, chloramphenicol)

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33
Q

sideroblastic anemia

A

reduction to RBCs due to too much iron in bone marrow (ex. lead)

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34
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

decrease in RBC due to loss of circulating RBCs (cells destroyed)
•oxidants such as phenylhydrazine or aniline
•heavy metals – lead, mercury

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35
Q

carbon monoxide

A

binds to hemoglobin and is irreversible

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36
Q

Nitrites, nitrates, aromatic amines

A

Oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron (cannot bind oxygen)

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37
Q

methemoglobin

A

clinical symptoms -10-20%
death 70%
turns skin blue
Also caused by procaine, lidocaine, dapsone

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38
Q

Ch 10 general principle one

A

very vulnerable because of specific critical voltages of the neuron membranes

39
Q

2.

A

tissue is very metabolically active so loss of energy metabolism is detrimental

40
Q

3.

A

loss of communication between the parts of the system easily happens

41
Q

4

A

Tissue controls the basic functions of life

42
Q

5

A

damage to nervous tissue is more or less permanent

43
Q

6

A

blood brain barrier is key protection mechanism

44
Q

blood brain barrier

A

prevents most substances from entering nervous tissue
-chemicals that can pass =small, highly lipid soluble, nonpolar
Specific transport systems transport some chemicals – glucose, amino acids, etc.
damage =big problems

45
Q

Key brain enzymes

A

Contain monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase – modify chemicals that enter
-contain low levels of P450
- MAO inhibitors
used in depression treatment
selegiline- irreversible MAOI (treats parkinsons)

46
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

47
Q

action potential

A

voltage gated channels -NA+ and K+

Na+, K+ ATPase pump reestablishes ions

48
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

blocks generation of action potential by binding to the outside of Na channel

49
Q

saxitoxin

A 
found in dinoflagellates
Food source for various shellfish – paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)
-50 versions
-found in clams, oysters, scallops
-sodium channel blocker
50
Q

batrachotoxin

A

in south american frogs (dart frogs)

  • steroid alkaloid
  • increases permeability of neuron membrane to sodium- prevents closing of Na channel
51
Q

neuroreceptor types

A

excitatory (generates action Potential)

inhibitory (prevents)

52
Q

Acetylcholine

A

sends signals to other cells

key to autonomic NS

53
Q

biogenic amines

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

54
Q

amino acids

A

glutamates, aspartate, glycine, GABA

55
Q

neuropeptides

A

endorphines

56
Q

gases

A

nitric acid, carbon monoxide

57
Q

botulinum

A

stops the release of ACh
produced by bacterium clostridium botulinum
-botox

58
Q

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors

A

-ACh binds to both

Nicotine and muscarine are cholinergic agonists (mimic ACh)

59
Q

nicotinic

A

found on sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

60
Q

Atropine

A

muscarinic blocker
Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) & Datura stramonium (Jimson weed)
-used to treat some pesticide and nerve agent poisonings

61
Q

muscarinic

A

found only on parasympathetic neurons (smooth muscles and glands)

62
Q

biogenic amines

A

catecholamines

-alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

63
Q

alpha

A

alpha agonists constrict blood vessels of the nose(nasal decongenists)
-treat hypertension

64
Q

beta

A

used to treat asthma (enlarge bronchial airways)

65
Q

propranolol

A

used to treat cardiovascular disorders-dec. heart rate and BP

66
Q

neuroactive peptides

A 
enkephalins & endorphins 
-opium
morphine,codeine
sedative pain relief
-heroine=chemical derivative of morphine
-naloxene =opioid receptor antagonist treat addiction
- tolerence occurs over time
67
Q

Axonopathies

A

damage to axons-peripheral nervous system

68
Q

proximal axonopathy

A

swelling of the proximal axon causes atrophy of distal axon

69
Q

synthetic aminonitriles

A
  • inhibits ACh
  • bladder problems
  • amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(weakening of muscles)
70
Q

Acrylamide

A
  • gels
  • some food
  • carcinogen group 2A
  • inhibits fast axon transport process
71
Q

myelinopathies

A

Damage to myelin sheath can be significant – inhibits or blocks nerve impulses

72
Q

Triethyltin

A

France (1954)

headache, nausea, vomiting, random muscle contractions

73
Q

hexachloroprene

A

-disenfectant, soaps, toothpaste, fascial scrubs
premature infants washed with this showed myelin damage
-prescription only
-interferes with ion movement&energy in neurons

74
Q

Glutamate

A

-MSG
-overstimulation=cell death
NMDA receptor CNS

75
Q

calmodulin

A

protein that Ca2+ binds to which activates the enzyme nitric oxide synthase which produces nitric oxide

76
Q

Mercury

A

very neurotoxic

  • peripheral neuropathy
  • most toxic form -dimethylmercury
77
Q

lead encephalopathy

A

peripheral and central NS effects
children much more susceptible especially under 6
levels accumulate
5mcg/dl =too high 45mcg/dl= treated

78
Q

ch11 general principle 1

A

everything absorbed by the GI tract goes to the liver

79
Q

principle 2

A

liver is highly perfused organ

80
Q

principle 3

A

because liver has phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism hepatocytes are exposed to bioactivated metabolites

81
Q

principle 4

A

enterohepatic cycling occurs

82
Q

principle 5

A

multifunctional role of liver means there are multiple potential targets

83
Q

principle 6

A

more than 900 chemicals known to cause hepatoxicity

84
Q

hepatic steatosis

A

fatty liver
chronic exposure to ethanol
5 to 50 % is fat
involves interference with normal regulation of lipoprotein synthesis

85
Q

two categories of fatty liver

A

nonalcoholic and alcoholic

86
Q

cholestasis

A

stoppage of bile flows
caused by steroids, phenothiaines, tricyclic antidepressants, gold salts, erythromycin
jaundice,pale stool, dark urine

87
Q

acetominophen

A

Stimulates formation of nitric oxide in hepatocytes which damages the cells

88
Q

fibrosis

A

excess production and accumulation of collagen fibers

  • significant disruption of blood flow in river
  • generally thought to be irreversible but recent studies show regeneration
89
Q

cirrhosis

A

long term exposure leads to fibrosis and scar formation
-ethanol
not reversible

90
Q

halothane

A

a general anesthetic

91
Q

enzyme test

A

can indicate liver damage -leakage from cells

92
Q

ratio of AST/ALT

A

less than one means liver damage

greater than 2 means alcoholic liver disease

93
Q

reyes syndrome

A

encephalopathy and hepatic dysfunction in children

-aspirin being used to treat viral infections

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