tox test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
cancer
A
2nd most common death in the u.s men-prostate,lung,colorectal women-breast,lung,colorectal cancer death rate is lower and survival rate higher sir Percivall Pott (chimney sweeps)
2
Q
IARC (international agency for research on cancer)
A
identifies carcinogens into five groups
3
Q
tumor
A
solid mass of cancer cells
4
Q
benign tumor
A
not potentially lethal
5
Q
malignant
A
potentially spread and kill
6
Q
Staging
A
looking at a biopsy to see how advanced and how much (put into a 1-4 category T1-T4)
7
Q
Gleason scale
A
1-10(12) the lower the better they compare normal cancer to biopsy
8
Q
carcinogenesis
A
process which cancer develops
9
Q
mutational theory
A
most accepted theory in three phases
- initiation
- promotion
- progression
10
Q
initiation
A
damage to DNA random or induced
transformed into neoplastic cell
11
Q
promotion
A
further cellular changes leading to a tumour (monoclonal)
can involve promoters to stimulate cell division
12
Q
progression
A
tumour becomes malignant
metastasis
13
Q
carcinogens
A
agent/factor that causes cancer
14
Q
genetic carcinogen
A
have damage to DNA (chemical/virus/radiation insert into DNA)
15
Q
epigenetic carcinogens
A
some place other than DNA (normally affecting proteins)
16
Q
procarcinogens
A
some carcinogens must be activated before they are carcinogenic
17
Q
Alkylation of DNA bases
A
covalent bond formed between base and alkyl group(added)
base pairing becomes impaired and mistakes happen during replication by DNA polymerase
18
Q
Dioxin
A
- DIrty dozen
- binds to cytosolic receptor protein; complex moves to the nucleus, binds to a DNA receptor binding site induces transcription of the gene for arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AH) and other genes)
19
Q
Methyltransferase enzymes
A
repair damage DNA by removing methyl groups from Guanine
20
Q
Nucleotide excision repair systems
A
- endonucleases
- open DNA strand to allow removal of the damages or mispaired base.
21
Q
polymerase
A
insert correct base
22
Q
Ligase
A
reseals the strand
23
Q
Mismatch repair
A
-everyone has mismatches
recognizes and corrects incorrectly paired bases
24
Q
Ames test
A
tests for mutagenicity (uses bacteria to test if chemical can cause mutations in DNA)
not every mutagen is a carcinogen
25
threshold model
a small dose can be beneficial
| dose that begins to show effect
26
non-threshold model
based on biological responses at high radiation doses and dose rates
27
testes
sperm formation begins at puberty
28
tight junctions (blood testis barrier)
between adjacent sertoli cells of the SI tubules
- provides limited protection
- testes have P450 activity making it stuff more lethal
29
sperm production
can be inhibited, lower sperm counts, or be deformed
30
SI epithelium
can be injured or destroyed
31
Affects energy in Sertoli cells
ex. Phthalates, m-DNB, DNT
32
Heavy metals
Pb (lead) and Cd (cadmium) cause infertility, chromosome damage, testicular necrosis
33
ethanol
delays testicular development
34
damage to oocytes
anthineoplastics agents, heavy metals, PAH's, radiation, tobacco, pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic solvents
35
theo colborn
"our stolen future" (1996)
36
Enviromental estrogens
low concentration in the environment
37
endocrine disruptor
chemical that mimics or disrupts hormone
38
anabolic steroids
decrease male fertility
39
puberty
average age of puberty onset in humans is decreasing
40
Bisphenol A (BPA)
commonly used in plastics as a plasticizer
| significant baby birth defects linked to prenatal exposure
41
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
first organic that was a success as a pesticide
benzene rings and chloride
paul herman muller
pestcide against colorado potato beetles
ww2 malaria mosquitoes
42
Rachel Carson /DDT
wrote silent spring (1962)
DDT thing of bird eggs and bald eagle
-beginning of modern environmental movement
-very long half-life in enviroment
-biomagnification (toxins in organism because of eating other plants or animals with toxin)(interference with food chain)
43
Birth control
act on reproduction hormone system -mix of estrogen and progesterone
- inhibts ovulation because inhibits FSH and LH
- many side effects (thromboembolism, stroke)
44
Teratology
study of birth defects
45
Teratogens
enviromental agent which produces birth defects
1. doage/exposure level
2. timing
46
Infectious
passed through infections (rubella,syphilis,CMV)
47
medications
thalidomide,accutane (medicines)
48
Drugs of abuse
alcohol, cocaine
49
external agents
radiation, hyperthermia
50
Maternal
diabetes,lupus, PKU (passed from mother)
51
Pregnancy
- During pregnancy any exposure to toxicants is considered to be problematic
- placenta is not much of a barrier
- first three months are most crucial
- dose that do not harm the mother can harm the embryo
52
embryo
there is little phase 1 and phase 2 reactions because enzymes are at very low levels
53
Exposure to embryo
- early embryonic exposure is lethal
- exposre in 3rd trimester growth problems
- each body system/organ has a critical period of development
54
Diethylstilbesterol (DES)
-synthetic estrogen
prevent miscarriages
-rare vaginal cancer (clear cell adenocarcinoma)
-reproductive tract problems in offspring and grandchildrem
55
Ethanol
fetal alcohol syndrome (1970's)
| problems associated when mother had intake of 1 oz/day
56
cleft palate
incomplete joining of maxillary and palatine
57
TCDD
binding to cytosol proteins and blocking programmed cell death
58
cocaine
blocks reuptake of norepinephrine
create vasocontraction and decreased blood flow
leads to premature contractions and births
59
Thalidomide
•Synthesized in 1954; similar to barbituarates•Best selling sedative and antiemetic by 1961•Not sold in the U.S.
60
respiratory tox. two categories
gases
| particulates
61
effects
immediate(asthma attack,watery eyes,runnynose)
| delayed(cancer,cough)
62
air toxins cause
death, irreparable damage, discomfort
63
exposure times
acute (few seconds/hours)
| chronic (day in/day out)
64
Upper respiratory tract
cilia and mucus trap particles
| particles consumed by macrophages(attack bacteria)
65
mucocilary escalator
cilia move particles like escalator
66
club (clara)cells
_Bronchiolar exocrine cells (secrete chemicals into bronchials)
-dome-shaped, small villi, small granules
-secrete gags for protection
P450 activity in SER
67
Exposure levels
estimated based on concentration of gas and length of exposure
68
gases
measured in ppm
69
particulates
measured in weight/ volume (Mg/M^3)
70
Exposure level types based off american conference of governmental and industrial hygenists
- TLV-TWA :time weighted average over an 8 hour day
- TLV-STEL: MAx allowable concentration over a 15 min period
- TLV-c(ceiling)- concentration never to be exceeded
71
Deposition of gases
- water soluble gases absorb quickly into mucus of URT
| - other gases (lipophilic) continue into LRT
72
deposition of large particulates
- size is the key property
- fibers and very large particles (5micrometers in diameter)attach to walls of nasal cavity or the pharynx
- PM10 (particulate matter)
73
medium particulates
(1-5 micrometers) settles in trachea as sediment
| -PM2.5
74
small particulates
(<1micrometer) go to alveoli
75
nanoparticles
(less than 100 nm)lung cancer
76
five cardinal signs of inflammation
```
redness
warmth
swelling
adema
pain
```
77
immediate responses
enlarged blood vessels , accumulation of immune cells, cell death, sneezing, coughing, bronchioconstriction
78
Radical oxygen species
free radicals produced by toxicants unstable molecule that contains oxygen and that easily reacts with other molecules in a cell
79
nitric acid
produced in lungs using the enzyme nitric oxide synthase
conc. increase because of toxicant exposure
protective or damaging
80
upper airway effects
sulfur dioxide
| formaldehyde
81
sulfur dioxide
swelling and edema in URT
bronchioconstrictor
mucus formation
82
Formaldehyde
URT irritant and carcinogen -nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemias
very observable
aggravates asthma,skin problems, irritates eye
1oz ingestion can cause death
83
immediate response lower airway
mucus peoduction in alveoli interferes with gas exchange
- nitrogen dioxide
- paraquat
84
nitrogen dioxide and ozone
oxidants-lipid peroxidation
85
paraquat
- herbicide
- ends up in lungs no matter what route
- produces superoxide anions in type 2 respir. epithelial cells
86
Asthma
exact cause of signs and symptoms unclear
| vasoconstriction
87
Byssinosis
brown lung
1 to 2 day delay
cotton dust
88
hypersensitivity pneumonitis
very sensitive to allergens
shortness of breathe, fever, chills
exposure to organic materials (mold,fungus)
89
Bronchitis
inflammation of bronchial tubes (allergens)
90
Emphysema
lungs loose flexibility and cant expand
91
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
smoking or exposure to smoke
cause complex
increase in protease activity
92
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cancer caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells.
93
types of lung cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
large cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
94
adenocarcinoma
cancer that starts in mucus-producing glandular cells of your body(most common)
95
small cell carcinoma
A fast-growing type of lung cancer commonly caused by smoking.(most agressive)
96
large cell carcinoma
lack the cytologic and architectural features of small cell
97
smoking
greatist risk factor
10-20x higher
69 known carcinogens
