test 4

Question 1

nephrotoxicity

Answer 1

toxic to kidneys

Question 2

general principles

Answer 2

1. may be mild or severe, or reversible or permanent
2. blood flow to kidney is very high (25%,means lots of toxin delivered)
3. kidney filters and reabsorbs

Question 3

kidneys

Answer 3

reabsorbed toxicant can concentrate in tubular cells (higher than plasma)
cells have p450 which can bioactivate toxins

Question 4

glomerulus

Answer 4

complex of capillaries inside bowmans capsule

-filters blood

Question 5

normal GFR

Answer 5

125 ml/min

Question 6

PROTEINURIA

Answer 6

excess protein in urine

increased glomerular permeability

Question 7

damage to podocytes

Answer 7

increase in leakage

Question 8

damage to glomerulus

Answer 8

reduces negative charge of glomerular membrane causes increased secretion of large anions

• decrease in GFR with vasoconstriction
• stimulates immune cells to injure glomerular cells, ROS

Question 9

PCT cells

Answer 9

cells have dense border of microvilli

-tox can be concentrates ( create ROS)

Question 10

damage to PCT

Answer 10

severe damage leads to oilguria or anuria perhaps through death of cells causing tubule blockage

Question 11

heavy metals and PCT

Answer 11

• cause lots of damage
• damage and necrosis
• damage to cell membrane
• often bind to sulfhydryl groups on enzymes can occur in min with further damage seen in one hour

Question 12

melamine

Answer 12

found in chinese powdered milk usually used in producing plastics caused harm to children