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CIH > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

3 areas of respiratory system

A
  • nasopharyngeal
  • tracheo-bronchial
  • alveolar
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2
Q

Nasopharyngeal –

A

head, Inspirable fraction of the particulates, Major action is impaction and gravitational settling

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3
Q

Tracheo-bronchial-throracic fraction

A

major interaction impaction, 3-4 branching respiratory system (Re>2000 “laminar”) this is the conductive airway region

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4
Q

Alveolar

A

convection becomes small, Transport in this region is by diffusion and there is no cilia in the region, Alveolar microphages are primary defense,

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5
Q

Layers of skin

A
  • epidermis

- dermis

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6
Q

Routes of entry

A
  • inhalation
  • ingestion
  • absorption
  • injection
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7
Q

Types of Immune hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type I - immediate hypersensitivity
Type II - cytotoxic reactions
Type III - immune complex reactions
Type IV - delayed hypersensitivity

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8
Q

Type I (immediate Hypersensitivity)

A

reactions develop in sensitized individuals immediately after a second contact with the original sensitizing antigen. (IgE antibody), Occupational asthma may be of this origin. Hives and dermal eruptions

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9
Q

Type II (cytotoxic reactions)

A

antigen is associated with surface of cell (protein or hapten), on re-exposure IgG or IgM antibodies bind to the surface initiating a series of events causing cell destruction.

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10
Q

Type III (Immune complex reactions)

A

soluble antigen binds with IgG or IgM antibodies. The binding activates complement system resulting in the formation of local immune complexes, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (pigeon breeders disease)

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11
Q

Type IV (delayed hypersensitivity)

A

associated with contact dermatitis (Nickel)

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12
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

A

the maximum flows that can be achieved-one second forced expiratory
volume

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13
Q

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

A

The maximum volume of air that can be rapidly exhaled

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14
Q

Common types of Pneumoconiosis

A 
Asbestos - Asbestos
Free Crystalline Silica- Silicosis
Coal Dust- Coal miners Penumocosis "Black Lung"
Silicates - Silicosis
Soot & Carbon - Anthracosis
Alveolar proteinosis – PNOS (Total Dust) Exp.
Cotton Dust - Byssinosis 
Moldy Hay - Farmers Lung 
Iron Oxide - Siderosis 
Grain - Grain Asthma 
Moldy Sugar Cane - Bagossis
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15
Q

Classifications of Carcinogens (IARC)

A 
1	Carcinogen
2A	Probable Carcinogen - man
2B	Probable Carcinogen - Animal
3	Non-Carcinogen
4	Probably not Carc.
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16
Q

Classifications of Carcinogens (ACGIH)

A 
A1	Carcinogen
A2	Suspected Carcinogen
A3	Animal Carcinogen
A4	Non Carcinogen
A5	Not Suspected.
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17
Q

Types of Carcinogens

A

Genotoxic Carcinogen
1. Procarcinogen (direct acting) – alters DNA code
2. Inorganic – alders fidelity of replication
Epigenetic Carcinogen
3) Solid State – Asbestos
4) Hormonal – disrupts cellular differentiation
5) Immunosuppressant – allows proliferation of initiated cells
6) Co Carcinogen – modifies response of genotoxic carcinogen when co-administered
7) Promoter – promotes genotoxic response
8) Cellular Injury – Burns, radiation, etc

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18
Q

Organophosphates

A
  • Parathion, malathion
  • Ties up cholinesterates
  • Irreversible (FA = Atropine + 2PAM)
  • Measure red blood cell cholinesterase levels
19
Q

Organochlorines

A
  • (DDT, Chlorodane, Aldrin, Kepone, & other Chlorinated hydrocarbons)
  • Stored in fat (lipid soluble)
  • Liver, kidney, CNS damage
  • Non-polar or lipid soluble
20
Q

Carbamates

A
  • Carbaryl
  • Ties up cholinesterates
  • Reversible (FA = Atropine only)
21
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

strait chained molecules

22
Q

Alcohols (-OH):

A

Glychols have two -OH groups, glycerol have three -OH groups

23
Q

Ethers and Epoxy compounds (C-O-C):

A

Ethyl Ether forms peroxides

24
Q

Esters (R-COOR):

A

Used as anesthetics; causes lacrimation, vesication, and lung irritation; Cumulative usage causes organ damage.

25
Q

Aldehydes (CH=O):

A

Aldeydes are chemical feedstocks because of their relatively high reactivity.

Volatile colorless liquids that exhibit a hazard mainly due to flammability. Acute exposure may result in pulmonary edema, bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia. Skin and pulmonary sensitization may develop in some individuals.

26
Q

Ketones :

A

Similar effects as aldehydes. All are flammable colorless liquids with a pungent odor similar to acetone. Usage includes Industrial solvents, raw material, and intermediates in chemical syntheses.

Prolonged exposure is usually precluded by intense irritation of the eyes and respiratory system.

27
Q

Aliphatic Halogenated Hydrocarbons:

A

Chemicals with one or two carbons replaced with halogens. Colorless, volatile liquids with excellent organic solvent properties. Halagenated hydrocarbons are flammable and have less toxicity than similar solvents with complete saturation.

Toxicity of the solvents (Fluorine > Chlorine ($) > Bromide/Iodine)

Uses include degreasing, dry-cleaning, propellants, fumigants, refrigerants, and chemical intermediates.

28
Q

Aliphatic Amides:

A

Derivatives from ammonia (NH3); Used as chemical intermediates; Form strong alkaline solutions that are highly irritating, can cause damage on contact with eyes and skin.

29
Q

Aromatics Hydrocarbons:

A

Characterized by the presence of an aromatic nucleus (C6H6); Vapor of aromatic hydrocarbons causes CNS depression, hepatic, renal, and bone marrow disorders. Vasodiolators

30
Q

Phenols:

A

Substitution of an -OH group on an aromatic nucleus. Highly irritating to skin, mucous membranes and skin.

31
Q

Aromatic

A

halogenated hydrocarbons: Used in coloring, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and resins, chemical intermediates. Irritability to all mucous membranes and skin, powerful lacrimaters.

32
Q

Aromatic Amides:

A

Dyestuffs and pigments. Causes Methemoglobinemia and bladder cancer

33
Q

RFD (Reference Dose) –

A

Toxicity factors of a non-carcinogen translated from animals to humans with a margin of safety.

34
Q

Slope Factor

A

Based on the slope of the dose response curve (for carcinogens)

35
Q

NOAEL

A

No Observed Adverse Effects Level

36
Q

NOEL

A

No Observed Effects Level

37
Q

SNARL

A

Suggested No-Adverse Response Level

38
Q

TD50 (Toxic Dose50)

A

Dose when administered produces a toxic response in 50% of the population

39
Q

LD50 (Lethal Dose50)

A

Lethal dose to 50% of tested population (should be represented in terms of duration)

40
Q

ED50 (Effective Dose50)

A

The dose of a particular substance that elicits an observable response to 50% of the population (should be represented in terms of duration)

41
Q

Safe Exposure Levels

A

NOEL for most sensitive species + Safety Factor

42
Q

Respiratory Irritants

A 
Ammonia
Phosgene
Chlorine
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen Bromide
Nitrogen Oxides (Silo Filler‘s disease)
Sulfur Dioxide
Ozone
43
Q

Acetylene reacts violently with

A 
Chlorine
Fluorine
Mercury
Copper 
Silver
44
Q

Types of metal diseases

A 
Aluminum (Bauxite) – Shavers disease
Yellow Phosphorus – Bone necrosis, phossy Jaw due to match heads
Cadmium – "Itai-Itai"
Uranium – Nephrotoxin (kidney)
Antimony posing  = Arsine poisoning

CIH (5 decks)

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