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liz's clinical chemistry module 2 > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general drug class for cotinine?

A

Other drugs of abuse

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2
Q

What is the general drug class for amphetamine?

A

Stimulants

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3
Q

What is the general drug class for opiates?

A

Narcotics

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4
Q

What is the general drug class for nortiptyline?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

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5
Q

What is the general drug class for acetaminophen?

A

Analgesics

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6
Q

What is the general drug class for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)?

A

Hallucinogens

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7
Q

What is the general drug class for desipramine?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

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8
Q

What is the general drug class for ketamine?

A

Other drugs of abuse

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9
Q

What is the general drug class for ecstasy (MDMA)?

A

Stimulants

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10
Q

What is the general drug class for benzodiazepines?

A

Depressants

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11
Q

What is the general drug class for cannabinoids (THC)?

A

Hallucinogens

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12
Q

What is the general drug class for imipramine?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

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13
Q

What is the general drug class for acetylsalicylic acid?

A

Analgesics

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14
Q

What is the general drug class for methadone?

A

Narcotics

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15
Q

What is the general drug class for cocaine?

A

Stimulants

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16
Q

What is the general drug class for short- and long-acting barbiturates?

A

Depressants

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17
Q

What is the general drug class for phenothiazines?

A

Other drugs of abuse

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18
Q

What is the general drug class for amitriptyline?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

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19
Q

What is the general drug class for phencyclidine (PCP)?

A

Hallucinogens

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20
Q

What is the general drug class for buprenorphine?

A

Narcotics

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21
Q

What is the general drug class for methamphetamines?

A

Stimulants

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22
Q

How does CO poisoning cause its clinical effects?

A

Dosage makes a difference; it holds on to hemoglobin more than oxygen so it cannot transport oxygen

23
Q

How do you calculate a % alcohol concentration from a result of mg/dL?

A
  • Divide EtOH in serum (mg/dL) by 1000

- Can use a breathalyzer result x 1000 = EtOH in mg/dL

24
Q

What is the toxic metabolite for EtOH?

A

Acetaldehyde

25
Q

What are the toxic metabolites for MeOH?

A

Formaldehyde and formic acid

26
Q

What is the toxic metabolite for isopropanol?

A

Acetone

27
Q

What are the toxic metabolites for ethylene glycol?

A

Oxalic acid and formic acid

28
Q

MeOH

  • Osmolal gap
  • Anion gap
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Acetone
  • Urinary oxalate crystals
A
  • Osmolal gap: increased
  • Anion gap: increased
  • Metabolic acidosis: present
  • Acetone: negative
  • Urinary oxalate crystals: none
29
Q

Isopropanol

  • Osmolal gap
  • Anion gap
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Acetone
  • Urinary oxalate crystals
A
  • Osmolal gap: increased
  • Anion gap: Normal
  • Metabolic acidosis: no
  • Acetone: positive
  • Urinary oxalate crystals: none
30
Q

EtOH

  • Osmolal gap
  • Anion gap
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Acetone
  • Urinary oxalate crystals
A
  • Osmolal gap: increased
  • Anion gap: normal
  • Metabolic acidosis: no
  • Acetone: negative
  • Urinary oxalate crystals: none
31
Q

Ethylene glycol

  • Osmolal gap
  • Anion gap
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Acetone
  • Urinary oxalate crystals
A
  • Osmolal gap: increased
  • Anion gap: increased
  • Metabolic acidosis: present
  • Acetone: negative
  • Urinary oxalate crystals: present
32
Q

In volatile ingestion, the anion gap is ____ if metabolized to acids

A

Increased

33
Q

When metabolysis to acids occurs, it lowers the ____

A

pH

34
Q

Who is prone to aluminum toxicity?

A

Dialysis and renal failure patients

35
Q

Sources of lead in lead poisoning

A
  • Heavy metal found in the environment
  • Lead-based paint
  • Dirt
  • Lead crystal
  • Lead pipes
  • Ceramics
36
Q

What biosynthetic pathway is inhibited in lead poisoning?

A

Heme synthesis

- Avid inhibition of porphobilinogen synthase → protoporphyrin accumulates in RBCs

37
Q

5 typical laboratory results seen in lead poisoning

A
  • Increased blood lead
  • Increased retics
  • Basophilic stippling
  • Increased delta-ALA
  • Increased zinc protoporphyrin
38
Q

What enzyme is decreased in organophosphate and carbamate poisoning?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

39
Q

7 categories of drugs of abuse

A
  • Stimulants
  • Depressants
  • Narcotics
  • Hallucinogens
  • Analgesics
  • Antidepressants
  • Other drugs of abuse
40
Q

16 drugs that are typically included in a drug of abuse urine screening test

A
  • Amphetamine, barbituates
  • Benzodiazepine, buprenorphine
  • Cocaine, cotinine
  • Ecstasy, ketamine
  • Marijuana, methadone,
  • Methamphetamines, opiates
  • Oxycodone, phencyclidine
  • Propoxyphene, tricyclic antidepressants
41
Q

8 commonly used opiates

A
  • Morphine
  • Codeine
  • Propoxyphene
  • Hydrocodone
  • Meperidene
  • Naloxone
  • Heroin
  • Methadone
42
Q

3 screening (qualitative) tests ofr DOA

A
  • Immunoassays
  • “Spot” urine tests
  • Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
43
Q

3 confirmatory (quantitative) tests for DOA

A
  • Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
  • High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
  • GC-MS
44
Q

5 factors that determine the level of toxicity of potentially harmful agents

A
  • Amount of agent introduced (dose)
  • Route of administration
  • Number of doses
  • Period of time over which the agent was administered
  • LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of the population) for the agent
45
Q

What organ is affected by acetaminophen toxicity?

A

Liver

46
Q

Therapeutic uses of methadone (synthetic opioid)

A
  • Pain relief
  • Opioid abstinenece syndrome
  • Treat heroin addicts to wean them from illicit drug use
47
Q

Therapeutic uses for high-dose buprenorphine (semi-synthetic opioid)

A
  • Treat opioid addiction in higher doses (>2mg)
  • Control moderate acute pain in non-opioid-tolerant individuals in lower dosages (~200ug)
  • Control moderate chronic pain in dosages ranging from 20-70ug/hour
48
Q

What are the effects of MeOH toxicity?

A
  • Nausea
  • Headache
  • Coma
  • Convulsions
  • Temporary or permanent blindness
49
Q

What are the effects of isopropanol toxicity?

A
  • Hypothermia
  • Hypotension
  • Cardiovascular complications
  • Come
50
Q

What are the effects of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
  • CNS depression
  • Hypertension
  • Renal failure
51
Q

Symptoms associated w/ Hg toxicity

A
  • Memory loss, mental confusion
  • Allergies, irritability
  • High blood pressure and heart problems, weight gain
  • Fatigue, digestion problems
  • Skin rashes, joint stiffness
  • immune dysfunction (
  • Cold feet
  • Balance problems
  • Acrodynia (“pink disease”)
  • Myasthenia
52
Q

List the common sources of MeOH

A

Solvent in paint products

53
Q

List the common sources of isopropanol

A

?

54
Q

List the common sources of ethylene glycol

A

Antifreeze

liz's clinical chemistry module 2 (9 decks)

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