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Liz's Clinical Chemistry Module 2 > Nutrition and Vitamins > Flashcards

Nutrition and Vitamins Flashcards

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1
Q

____ ____ is the world’s greatest cause of disease and death

A

Poor nutrition

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2
Q

Inadequate intake of protein and/or calories; affects children, particularly after nursing stops; this describes protein-energy malnutrition where?

A

Developing/”Third World” countries

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3
Q

Caused by inadequate intake of protein, increased protein loss, or increased body requirement; this protein-energy malnutrition occurs where?

A

Developed countries

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4
Q

Severe protein deficiency but adequate total calorie intake

A

Kwashiorkor

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5
Q

Why do patients w/ kwashiorkor have hepatomegaly and ascites?

A

Swollen abdomen b/c of protein deficiency and subcutaneous fat is still present

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6
Q

Why do patients w/ kwashiorkor not burn fat?

A

B/c there is no calorie deficiency; they’re burning muscle to liberate free amino acids

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7
Q

Deficient protein and calorie intake

A

Marasmus

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8
Q

Why is the subcutaneous fat markedly depleted in marasmus?

A

To liberate calories

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9
Q

Why is there severe muscle wasting in marasmus?

A

Muscle is depleted due to the need for calories and amino acids

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10
Q

3 causes of protein-energy malnutrition in the developed world

A
  • Increased nutrient loss
  • Decreased intake
  • Increased body requirement
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11
Q

3 related states associated w/ increased nutrient loss

A
  • Malabsorption
  • Diarrhea
  • Chronic hemorrhage
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12
Q

3 related states associated w/ decreased intake

A
  • Senility/mental illness
  • Food cost
  • Poor dentition
  • Nausea
  • Alcoholism
  • Anorexia
  • Dysphagia
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13
Q

3 related states associated w/ increased body requirement

A
  • Neoplasm
  • Infection
  • Fever
  • Trauma
  • Burns
  • Surgery
  • Lactation
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14
Q

BMI level for “underweight”

A

< 18.5

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15
Q

BMI level for normal weight

A

18.5-24.9

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16
Q

BM level for overweight

A

25-29.9

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17
Q

BMI level for obese

A

> 30

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18
Q

BMI level for “severely/morbidly obese”

A

> 40

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19
Q

Name at least 4 minerals

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Chloride
  • Phosphorus
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20
Q

Name at least 4 essential trace elements

A
  • Cobalt
  • Chromium
  • Copper
  • Fluoride
  • Manganese
  • Iron
  • Selenium
  • Nickel
  • Molybdenum
  • Zinc
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21
Q

Why do patients typically only suffer from deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins?

A

B/c any excess is excreted in the urine

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22
Q

Micronutrients that are not produced endogenously and must be obtained by dietary intake; most are cofactors for enzymatic reactions

A

Vitamins

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23
Q

3 fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, E, and K

24
Q

Why can there be both deficiencies and toxicities in fat-soluble vitamins?

A

B/c they are stored in fat, there is the possibility for acute toxicity in rapid weight loss

25
Q

3 reasons why a patient can be deficient in fat-soluble vitamins

A

Decreased in cases of…

  • Malabsorption
  • Biliary insufficiency
  • Pancreatic insufficiency
26
Q

List at least 3 water-soluble vitamins

A
  • B1 (thiamine)
  • B2 (riboflavin)
  • B3 (niacin)
  • B5 (pantothenic acid)
  • B6 (pyridoxine)
  • B7 (biotin)
  • B9 (folic acid)
  • B12 (cobalamin)
  • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
27
Q

Which 5 vitamins (when lacking in human diet) are associated w/ a pandemic deficiency?

A
  • B1 (thiamine) deficiency
  • B3 (niacin) deficiency
  • Vitamin C deficiency
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Vitamin A deficiency
28
Q

Vitamin deficiency associated w/ beriberi

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

29
Q

Vitamin deficiency associated w/ Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

30
Q

What segment of the population is affected by this syndrome?

A

Associated w/ alcoholism due to thiamine’s role in helping brain cells produce energy from glucose

31
Q

Its phosphate derivatives are involved in being a coenzyme in the catabolism of CHOs and amino acids; used in biosynthesis of neurotransmitters acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); in yeast it’s required in the first step of alcoholic fermentation

A

Functions of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

32
Q

Functions as coenzymes for a wide variety of oxidative enzymatic reactions; they act as oxidzing agents b/c of their ability to accept a pair of hydrogen atoms; plays various roles in intermediary metabolism; always accompanied by other vitamin deficiencies

A

Functions of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

33
Q

Precursor to NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH, which plays an essential mtabolic role in living cells; involved in both DNA repair and the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex

A

Functions of vitamin B3 (niacin/nicotinic acid)

34
Q

Vitamin deficiency associated w/ pellagra

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin/nicotonic acid) deficiency

35
Q

Four D’s associated w/ pellagra

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Dermatitis
  • Dementia
  • Death
36
Q

Used in the synthesis of CoA which is also required for acylation and acetylation, which, for example, are involved in signal transduction and enzyme activation and deactivation, respectively

A

Functions of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

37
Q

What is the active form of pyridoxine

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

38
Q

Cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation; involved in macronutrient metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, histamine synthesis, Hgb synthesis and function, and gene expression; necessary for enzymaic reaction governing release of glucose from glycogen

A

Functions of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

39
Q

Typical gross symptoms associated w/ vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency

A
  • Atrophic glossitis (“smooth tongue”) w/ ulceration, seborrhoeic dermatitis-erruption, angular chalets, and conjuctivitis
  • Neurological symptoms: somnolence, confusion, and neuropathy
40
Q

Essential for amino acid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid metabolism; necessary for cell growth; helpful in maintaining steady blood sugar level; recommended as dietary supplement for strengthening hair and nails

A

Functions of vitamin B7 (biotin)

41
Q

Necessary for production and maintenance of new cells, for DNA and RNA synthesis, and for preventing changes to DNA (thus, preventing cancer); important during periods of frequent cell division and growth (infancy and pregnancy)

A

Function of vitamin B9 (folic acid)

42
Q

Why do patients w/ vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency demonstrate abnormal hematopoiesis leading to megaloblastic anemia?

A

Folate deficiency limits cell division → erythropoiesis is hindered and leads to megaloblastic anemia, which is characterized by large RBCs w/ fragile membranes

43
Q

Plays a significant role in the metabolism of every cell of the body, especially affecting the DNA synthesis and regulation but also fatty acid synthesis and energy production

A

Functions of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

44
Q

What compound is necessary for it the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)?

A

Intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells - - Complex binds to receptors in the ileum which then separates and vitamin B12 binds to transcobalamin for transport

45
Q

3 general causes of vitamin B12 deficiency

A
  • Inadequate intrinsic factor
  • Inadequate B12/IF complexes
  • Inadequate absorption
46
Q

What type of anemia results from altered action of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia

47
Q

Essential to a healthy diet as well as being a highly effective antioxidant, acting to lessen oxidative stress and an enzyme cofactor for the biosynthesis of many important biochemicals; acts as an electron donor for important enzymes

A

Functions of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

48
Q

Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency

A
  • Swollen gums/loss of teeth
  • Skin lesions
  • Petechial hemorrhage in lower extremities
  • Reduced wound healing
  • Osteoporosis
49
Q

Disease associated w/ severe deficiency of vitamin C

A

Scurvy

50
Q

Functions of vitamin A

A
  • Vision
  • Gene transcription
  • Immune function
  • Embryonic development and production
  • Bone metabolism
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Skin and cellular health
  • Antioxidant activity
51
Q

3 symptoms associated w/ vitamin A deficiency

A
  • Night blindness
  • Disordered keratinization
  • impaired immunity
  • Hyperkeratosis
  • Hyperkeratosis pilaris (chicken skin)
  • Dental enamel hypoplasia
52
Q

3 symptoms associated w/ both acute vitamin A excess and chronic vitamin A excess

A
  • Acute: drowsiness, irritability, headaches, peeling of the skin
  • Chronic: coarse hair, eyebrow hair loss, skin and mucus membrane dryness, bone and joint changes, fractures
53
Q

Most severe symptom associated w/ vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency

A

Spinocerebellar ataxia (atrophy of the cerebellum)

54
Q

Vitamin K’s important function in ensuring the proper structure of vitamin K-dependent proteins

A

Vitamin K participated in the conversion of glutamate residue of these K-dependent proteins to y-carboxylglutamate residues by addition of a carboxyl-group (carboxylation)

55
Q

Typical symptoms associated w/ bleeding if vitamin K is deficient

A
  • Ecchymosis
  • Petechiae
  • Hematomas
  • Oozing of blood at surgical or puncture sites

Liz's Clinical Chemistry Module 2 (9 decks)

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