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PHARMACOLOGY 3.0 > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Concerned with the deleterious effects of these chemical agents on all living systems

A

TOXICOLOGY

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2
Q

Primarily concerned with adverse effects in humans resulting from exposure to drugs and other chemicals as well as the demonstration of safety or hazard associated with their use

A

TOXICOLOGY

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3
Q

 deals with the chemicals found in the workplace.

A

OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY

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4
Q

 define and carry out programs for the surveillance of exposed workers and the environment in which they work

A

OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY

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5
Q

deals with the potentially deleterious impact of chemicals, present as pollutants of the environment, on living organisms

A

ENVIRONEMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

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6
Q

concerned with the toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on populations and communities of living organisms within defined ecosystems

A

ECOTOXICOLOGY

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7
Q

includes the transfer pathways of those agents and their interactions with the environment.

A

ECOTOXICOLOGY

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8
Q

ability of a chemical agent to cause injury in a given situation or setting; the conditions of use and exposure are the primary considerations.

A

Hazard

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9
Q

often a description based on subjective estimates (subjective injury) rather than objective evaluation

A

Hazards

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10
Q

expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent

A

Risks

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11
Q

Estimation of risk makes use of ?

A

dose-response data

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12
Q

A single exposure—or multiple exposures occurring over a brief period from seconds to 1 or 2 days

A

Acute exposure

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13
Q

Multiple exposures continuing over a longer period of time

A

Chronic exposure

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14
Q

If the intake of a long-lasting contaminant by an organism exceeds the latter’s ability to metabolize or excrete the substance, the chemical accumulates within the tissues of the organism.

A

Bioaccumulation

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15
Q

Although the concentration of a contaminant may be virtually undetectable in water, it may be magnified hundreds or thousands of times as the contaminant passes up the food chain

A

Biomagnification

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16
Q

colorless, tasteless, odorless, and nonirritating gas, a byproduct of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide

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17
Q

Threshold limit value of Carbon monoxide

A

25 ppm

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18
Q

MOA of CO toxicity

A
  • formation of Carboxyhemoglobin (220x Oxygen affinity to Hgb)
  • interferes with the dissociation of oxygen to remaining oxyhemoglobin
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19
Q

Most affected organs of CO poisoning:

A

Heart and Brain

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20
Q

Treatment for CO poisoning

A

Hyperbaric O2 (2-3 atm)

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21
Q

colorless, irritant gas generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels

A

Sulfur Dioxide

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22
Q

Threshold Limit Value of Sulfur dioxide

A

2 ppm

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23
Q

MOA of Sulfur Dioxide Poisoning:

A
  • Mucus membrane irritant (sulfurous acid)
  • causes bronchial constriction
  • asthmatics are sensitive
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24
Q

clinical feature of severe exposure of Sulfur dioxide poisoning

A

Delayed-onset Pulmonary edema

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25
Q

a brownish irritant gas sometimes associated with fires

A

NITROGEN OXIDES

26
Q

exposure of farmers to NO2 in the confines of a silo

A

Silo-Filler’s Disease

27
Q

MOA of NO2 poisoning

A
  • Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant capable of producing pulmonary edema
  • primarily targets type 1 alveolar cells
28
Q

Drug therapy for NO2 poisoning

A

bronchodilators, sedatives, and antibiotics

29
Q

Threshold Limit Value of NO2

A

3 ppm

30
Q

bluish irritant gas and an important absorbent of ultraviolet light

A

Ozone

31
Q

Clinical Features of Ozone Poisoning

A
  • upper respiratory tract irritation
  • Pulmonary edema
32
Q

Threshold Limit Value of Ozone

A

0.05 ppm

33
Q

Air Pollutants

A
  • CO
  • SO2
  • NO2
  • O3
34
Q

Solvents

A
  • Halogenated Alipathic Hydrocarbons
    • CCl4 [5ppm]
    • CHCl3 [10 ppm]
    • C2HCl3 (trichlorethylene) [50 ppm]
    • C2Cl4 (tetrachlorethylene) [25 ppm]
    • C2H3Cl3 (Trichlorethane or methyl chloroform) [350 ppm]
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    • Benzene [0.5 ppm]
    • Toluene [50 ppm]
    • Xylene [100 ppm]
35
Q

Clinical effects of Halogenated Aliphatic HC

A

central nervous system depression, liver injury, kidney injury, cardiotoxicity.

36
Q

Clinical effects of Benzene

A
  • Acute: epression of the central nervous system
  • Chronic: bone marrow injury
    • high level: Leukema
    • low level: Myelotoxic
37
Q

a central nervous system depressant and a skin and eye irritant. It is also fetotoxic.

A

Toluene (Methylbenzene)

38
Q

4 major groups of pesticides

A
  • Organochlorine
  • Organophosphorous
  • Carbamates
  • Botanical
39
Q

Organochlorine pesticides

A
  • DDT (Chlorophenothane)
  • Benzene hexachlorides (Lindane)
  • Cyclodienes (Aldrin)
  • Toxaphenes
40
Q

MOA of Organochlorine Pesticides

A
  • interfere with inactivation of the sodium channel
  • cause rapid repetitive firing in most neuron
  • enhances the excitability of neurons (CNS stimulation)
41
Q

Organophosphorous pesticides

A
  • Malathion
  • Parathion (6)
  • Methyl-parathion (5)
  • Trichlorfon
  • Diazinon
  • Azinphos-methyl (5)
42
Q

MOA of Organophosphorous pesticides

A
  • inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through phosphorylation of the esteratic site
43
Q

Treatment for Organophosphate poisoning

A
  • Atropine Sulfate
  • Pralidoxime
  • Diacetyl monoxime
44
Q

Carbamates pesticides

A
  • Carbofuran
  • Isolan
  • Propoxur (Baygon)
  • Pyrolan
  • Zectran
  • Aldicarb (6)
45
Q

MOA of Carbamate poisoning

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase by carbamoylation of the esteratic site

46
Q

Botanical Pesticides

A
  • Nicotine
  • Rotenone
  • Pyrethrum
47
Q

eacts with the acetylcholine receptor of the postsynaptic membrane (sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, neuromuscular junction) resulting in depolarization of the membrane

A

Nicotine

48
Q

Symptoms of Rotenone Ingestion

A

gastrointestinal irritation, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, pharyngitis, and rhinitis

49
Q

cause irritant asthma and, potentially, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) and even anaphylaxis

A

Pyrethrum

50
Q

for aircraft disinfection

A

Pyrethrum

51
Q

major site of toxic action is the central nervous system; excitation, convulsions, and tetanic paralysis can occur

A

Pyrethrum

52
Q

Treatment for Pyrethrum poisoning

A
  • Ivermectin
  • Pentobarbital
  • Mephenesin
53
Q

Herbicides

A
  • Chlorophenoxy herbicides
  • Bipyridyl herbicides
  • Polychlorinated biphenyls
  • Glyphosphate
54
Q

toxicologic profile for chlorophenoxy hebicides is complicated by the presence of

A

chemical contaminants (dioxins)

55
Q
A
56
Q

is the most important agent of BIPYRIDYL HERBICIDES

A

Paraquat

57
Q

Clinical features of Paraquats

A

lung edema, alveolitis, and progressive fibrosis

58
Q

inhibits superoxide dismutase

A

Paraquats

59
Q

Treatment for Paraquat poisoning

A
  • Gastric lavage
  • Cathartics
  • Adsorbents
60
Q

cooking oil contamination with PCB-containing transfer medium

A

Yusho disease

61
Q

is now the most widely used herbicide in the world

A

Glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl] glycine

62
Q
A

PHARMACOLOGY 3.0 (5 decks)

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