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ENSC 85 > TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

the study of how toxicants cause adverse effects on living organisms.

A

toxicology

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2
Q

toxicology is from greek words ____ and ____

A

toxicon and logos

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3
Q

study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.

A

toxicology

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4
Q

toxicology is the study of how __ cause adverse effects on living organisms

A

toxicants

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5
Q

also called as poison

A

toxicants

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6
Q

a chemical capable of producing a harmful reaction in a living organism

A

toxicant

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7
Q

any change that interferes with an organism’s normal functioning

A

adverse effect of a toxicant

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8
Q

damages or kill living organisms because they react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions

A

toxins

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9
Q

the ___ makes the poison

A

dose

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10
Q

example of chemical that is good in small amounts but toxic in large amounts

A

botulinum toxin

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11
Q

effects of botulinum toxin in small amounts

A

prevents wrinkles

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12
Q

cause of botulinum toxin in large amounts

A

paralysis or death

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13
Q

amount, usually per unit body mass of a toxicant to which an organism is exposed

A

dose

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14
Q

measured as milligrams of toxin per kilogram of body weight

A

dose

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15
Q

measured as mg/kg

A

dose

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16
Q

effect on an organism resulting from exposure to a toxicant

A

response

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17
Q

particular response needed to specify in order to define dose-response relationship

A
  1. death of organism
  2. length of time from administration of dose
  3. consider specific response for population of same kinds of organism
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18
Q

dose which is expected to kill 50% of the population in particular group

A

MEDIAN LETHAL DOSE

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19
Q

also known as LD50

A

Median Lethal Dose

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20
Q

dose that produces a desired response in 50% of the test population when pharmacological effects

A

Median effective dose

21
Q

also known as ED50

A

median effective dose

22
Q

important concept pertinent to the dose-response relationship

A

thresholds

23
Q

high blood flow, oxidative reactions

A

liver

24
Q

high blood flow, concentrates chemicals

A

kidney

25
Q

high blood flow, site of exposure

A

lung

26
Q

oxygen dependent, irreversible damage

A

neurons

27
Q

oxygen dependent

A

myocardium

28
Q

rapid divide

A

bone marrow, intestinal mucosa

29
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

1.Prenatal alcohol abuse

30
Q

FAS effects

A

might have problems with learning, memory, attention span, communication, vision, hearing, or a combination of these.

31
Q

Mercury poisoning effect

A

pregnant: may harm an unborn baby or young child’s developing nervous system

32
Q

lead poisoning effect in children:

A

can cause irreversible brain damage. It can retard mental and physical development and reduce attention span.

33
Q

lead poisoning effect in adult:

A

can cause irritability, poor muscle coordination, and nerve damage to the sense organs and nerves controlling the body.

34
Q

byproducts of many chemical manufacturing processes involving chlorine

A

Dioxin poisoning

35
Q

dioxin poisoning facial scaring called

A

chloracne

36
Q

from bacterium Clostridium botulinum

A

botulinum toxin (botox)

37
Q

acts to block muscular nerve signals.

A

botulinum toxin

38
Q

is the first biological toxin to become licensed for treatment of human disease and it is also considered a biological weapon.

A

botulinum toxin

39
Q

In order to define a dose–response relationship, it is necessary to specify a particular response, such as:

A
  1. Death of the organism, as well as
  2. The conditions under which the response is obtained, such as the length of time from administration of the dose
  3. Consider a specific response for a population of the same kinds of organisms
40
Q

is a fundamental and essential concept in toxicology

A

dose-response

41
Q

the higher the dose, the more ___ the response.

A

severe the response

42
Q

dose-response curve normally takes the form of a?

A

sigmoid curve

43
Q

“father” of toxicology.

A

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

44
Q

All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right ____ differentiates a poison and a remedy

A

dose

45
Q

is the most poisonous substance known.

A

Botulinum toxin

46
Q

Terrorists have already attempted to use as bioweapon

A

botulinum toxin (Aerosols were dispersed at multiple sites )

47
Q

The number of newky newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time

A

Incidence rate

48
Q

Morbidity rate other term

A

Prevalence rate

ENSC 85 (5 decks)

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