Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CC Lab > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption of toxins in the GIT is by —- this process requires that the substance
cross cellular barriers.

A

passive diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In cases of drug overdose, these must be determined

A

CBC, serum electrolytes, BUN, glucose, urinalysis and blood gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common substances causing acute toxicity:

A

alcohol, acetaminophen, salicylate, abuse substance
and carbon monoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Routes of exposure

A

ingestion, inhalation and transdermal absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

single, short-term exposure to a substance

A

Acute toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

repeated exposure for extended period of time

A

Chronic toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is the dose that would be predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the
population

A

TD50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dose that would predict death in 50% of the population

A

LD50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dose that would be predicted to be effective or have a therapeutic
benefit in 50% of the population

A

ED50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

most common abused drug; a CNS depressant.
causes diuresis by inhibiting ADH

A

Ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

readily absorbed in the GIT and diffuses easily in tissues

abuse causes acidosis through accumulation of ketones and lactate and also t hrough
direct generation of hydrogen ions as alcohol is oxidized; also add osmolality to blood

A

Ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Specimen preferred for ethanol

A

Serum capillary and arterial blood samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hangover symptoms” are due to the effects of

A

acetaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

antidote for chronic intoxication:

A

diazepam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

must be used instead
of isopropanol in blood collection

A

Cleanser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

major metabolic pathyway: conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and acetyl coenzymeA
by

A

hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

methods for testing ethanol:

A

enzymatic, gas-liquid chromatography and electrochemical oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

preferred method for testing ethanol:

A

enzymatic using alcohol dehydrogenase reagent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

common laboratory results for ethanol

A

elevated GGT, AST, AST/ALT ratio (> 2.0), HDL and MCV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fatal dose of ethanol

A

300-400 mL of pure alcohol consumed in less than one hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

peak blood level of ethanol

A

withinan hour after intake of alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

toxic blood level of ethanol:

A

> 500 mg/dl (for hemodialysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a commonly used solvent and a contaminant of homemade liquors.
it is converted first to formaldehyde, then finally to formic acid in the liver by alcohol
dehydrogenase.

A

Methanol (wood alcohol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

symptoms of intoxication: blurred vision, incoordination, slurred speech and coma;

A

Ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

symptoms of intoxication: frank blindness (ocular toxicity) and metabolic acidosis

A

Methanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

screening test for methanol

A

computation of osmolal gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

converted first to formaldehyde, then finally to —– in the liver by alcohol
dehydrogenase.

A

Formic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

preferred method for methanol

A

GC MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

fatal dose of methanol

A

60-250 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

toxic blood level of methanol

A

> 50 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

rapidly absorbed by the GIT.

it is metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase to acetone.

A

Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

symptoms of intoxication in isopropyl

A

CNS depression and hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

indication of toxicity in ethanol:

A

elevated levels of acetone in the blood and urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

preferred method isopropanol:

A

gas chromatography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

antidote isopropanol:

A

Activated charcoal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

common constituent of hydraulic fluid and antifreeze.

A

Ethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ethylene glycol is converted to — and — by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase.

A

oxalic acid and glycolic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

symptoms of intoxication of ethylene glycol

A

metabolic acidosis, depressed reflexes, anuria and necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

indication of toxicity in ethylene glycol

A

deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

mode of treatment: for ethylene glycol

A

Inhibit the action of alcohol dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

major metabolite for ethylene glycol (cause of acute toxicity and death)

A

glycolic acid (cause of acute toxicity and death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

preferred method for ethylene glycol

A

HPLC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

fatal dose of ethylene glycol

A

100 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Almost all drugs of abuse are basic drugs (amine derivatives) which contain

A

benzene rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

barbiturates are _____ drugs

A

acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Many of the abused drugs act directly on dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems especially in ________

A

limbic system (small brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

True or False:

A positive drug screening test can differentiate casual user from chronic or habitual user, likewise detect the time frame of using the drug, or dose of the drug taken

A

False: It cannot differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

modified forms of established drugs of abuse

A

Designer use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

therapeutically used for treatment of narcolepsy and attentional deficit disorder

A

Amphetamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

increases mental alertness and physical capacity, and has anorectic property

A

Amphetamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Amphetamines are structurally related to

A

dopamine and cathecolamines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Amphetamines cause the release (together with cocaine) of ————- from the brain leading to a “pleasant feeling” (so called “high’) among users.

A

dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

derivative of methamphetamine is a popular recreational abused drug (designer drug); has psychedelic effects.

A

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

treatment of hyperactive children

A

Ritalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Amphetamine-like compounds

A

ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

presence of antihistamine (diphenhydramine) causes —- in amphetamine detection

A

false positive reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Sign of acute intoxication of amphetamine

A

hyperpyrexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Acute psychotic syndromes of amphetamine

A

auditory and visual hallucinations, suicidal tendency and paranoia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

palpitation, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, pancytopenia
mental impairment and teeth grinding

A

Toxic effects of amphetamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Anabolic steroids are chemically associated to the male hormone testosterone

A

dihydrotestosterone and testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

improves athletic performance by increasing muscle mass

A

anabolic steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

toxic effects of anabolic steroid

A

chronic hepatitis
atherosclerosis
abnormal platelet
aggregation
cardiomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Naturally occurring cannabinoids:

A

marijuana and hashish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

most potent component or the psychoactive substance of marijuana

lipophilic substance, distributes in the adipose tissues; it easily enters the brain; it induces a sense of well-being and euphoria; it is a hallucinogen

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Single-use: THC-COOH can be detected in urine for

A

3-5days

66
Q

Chronic: THC-COOH can be detected in urine for

A

4 weeks for chronic user

67
Q

Principal psychoactive agent of Cannabinoids

A

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

68
Q

Urinary metabolite of THC

A

11-nor-deltatetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH)

69
Q

Psychologic effects of THC

A

reddening of the conjunctiva and increased pulse rate

70
Q

Toxic effects of THC

A

paranoia, disorientation, altered physical senses and bronchopulmonary disorders

71
Q

an alkaloid salt (ecgonine) that can be taken directly (insuflation of IV) or by inhalation/snorting.

A

Cocaine (Crack)

72
Q

Cocaine is derived from coca plant —- and used as additive to some food

A

Erythroxylon

73
Q

potent CNS stimulant that elicits a sense of excitement and euphoria; increasesphysical
activity

A

Cocaine

74
Q

True or False:

Cocaine has not been considered as an addictive drug - it does not reflect the true dependence
commonly seen in abusers of barbiturates and opiates.

A

True

75
Q

True or false:

Cocaine does not easily pass to placenta and mammary glands

A

False: it causes mental retardation, slow mental development and drug dependence in newborns

76
Q

It can caused malformations in uterus.

It can cause sudden death due to direct toxicity to myocardium (cardiac toxicity) - it
induces vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor.

A

Cocaine

77
Q

Cocaine single use, it can be detected in urine for up to

A

3 days

78
Q

Chronic use of cocaine can be detected up to

A

20 days

79
Q

Inhibitor of coccaine

A

Prozac

80
Q

Treatment for cocaine addiction

A

Benzodiazepine

81
Q

hypertension, arrhythmias, seizures and myocardial infarction

A

Toxic effects of coccaine

82
Q

Urine metabolite of Cocaine

A

benzoylecgonine (sensitive and specific)

83
Q

capable of analgesia, sedation and anesthesia

A

Opiates

84
Q

Opiates are derived from

A

Opium poppy

85
Q

Naturally occuring opiates

A

opium, morphine and codeine

86
Q

Chemically modified opiates

A

heroin
hydromorphone
oxycodone (Percodan)

87
Q

Common synthetic opiates

A

meperidine (Demerol)
methadone (Dolophine)
propoxyphene (Darvon)
pentazocine (Talwin) and fentanyl (Sublimaze)

88
Q

antitussive drug from opiates

A

Codeine

89
Q

a nonbicyclic drug that binds with morphine in the brain

A

methadone

90
Q

more potent analgesics than morphine: opiate

A

Fentanyl “lollipops” or “patches

91
Q

Commonly tested opiates:

A

morphine and codeine

92
Q

Major cause of drug-related death: opiates

A

darvon overdose combine with alcohol

93
Q

Major metabolites of heroin

A

N-acetylmorphine (heroin) and morphine

94
Q

Major metabolites of heroin

A

N-acetylmorphine (heroin) and morphine

95
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of heroin

A

cold sweats, nightmares and hypothermia

96
Q

Antagonist for opiate overdose

A

naloxone (narcan)

97
Q

Toxic effects of opiates

A

respiratory acidosis, myoglobinuria, cardiopulmonary failure and
pupillary constriction (“pin-point pupils”)

98
Q

a metabolite of heroin; a powerful analgesic; used in the treatment of acute congestive heart failure

binds to mu-receptors in the limbic system (CNS) producing analgesic effect.

A

morphine

99
Q

increase liver and pancreatic enzymes

A

Morphine and meperidine

100
Q

highly addictive (true physical dependence); crosses the blood-brain barrier - elevated levels in the CNS; taken by IV administration

A

Heroin

101
Q

a depressant, stimulant, and has hallucinogenic and anaesthetic properties

It can be ingested or inhaled by smoking

A

Phencyclidine (angel dust or angel hair)

102
Q

______ is unchanged when excreted in the urine
acidification of the urine helps in immediate excretion of phencyclidine

A

10-15%

103
Q

Physiologic effects of Phencyclidine

A

analgesia and anaesthesia

104
Q

Major metabolite of phencyclidine

A

Phencyclidine HCL

105
Q

Mode of Treatment for Phencyclidine

A

Isolation (kept in quiet, dark room)

106
Q

Toxic effects of phencyclidine

A

tachycardia, seizure and coma (eventually death)

107
Q

Therapeutic roles and they are CNS depressants
Used also to potentiate the effects of heroin

A

Sedative hypnotics: barbiturates and benzodiazepines

108
Q

Commonly abused barbiturates

A

secobarbital
pentobarbital
phenobarbital
andthiopental

109
Q

Commonly used benzodiazepines

A

diazepam (Valium)
chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
lorazepam (Ativan)

110
Q

Barbiturates are condensation products of

A

urea and malonic acid.

111
Q

used for treatment of cocaine addiction

A

Benzodiazepines

112
Q

clinical use for rapid control of acute seizure activity; a minor tranquilizer.

A

Diazepam

113
Q

Phenobarbital structurally resembles

A

phenytoin (Dilantin).

114
Q

Toxicity of this agents is initiated by sedative hypnotics are initiated by

A

ethanol

115
Q

Major metabolite of phenobarbital

A

secobarbital (barbiturates)

116
Q

Barbiturate chemoadsorbent

A

Activated charcoal

117
Q

Toxic effects of Sedative hypnotics

A

Cheyne-Stokes respiration, depression,cyanosis, areflexia, stupor, coma

118
Q

a semisynthetic indol alkylamine - hallucinogen

It is one of the most potent pharmacologic materials known

it produces effects at low doses - 20ug ( IV or ingestion)

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD, Lysergide)

119
Q

Most common adverse reaction of LSD

A

panic reaction - badtrip

120
Q

Toxic effects of LSD

A

blurred or “undulating vision” and synesthesia

121
Q

a 2,3-disubstituted quinazoline with anesthetic, antihistamine and antitussive properties.

also has sedative-hypnotic properties; a hallucinogen

A

Methaqualone

122
Q

This abused drug has similar symptoms of toxicity to barbiturates, as well as pyramidal signs (hypertonicity, hyperreflexia and myoclonus).

A

Methaqualone

123
Q

Chemoadsorbent of methaqualone

A

activated charcoal

124
Q

produced the same “pleasant feeling” observed in amphetamines

No available screening nor confirmatory test for identification of these drugs

A

Piperazines

125
Q

Major derivatives of piperazines

A

N-benzylpiperazines (B2P or A2) and phenylpiperazines

126
Q

Minor derivatives piperazanines

A

1-(3-4-methylene-dioxybenzyl) piperazine (MDMP)

1-(3-trifluorometylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP or Molly)

127
Q

Popular piperazines:

A

BZP and TFMPP

128
Q

Toxic effects of piperazines

A

tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, psychomotor agitation and sore nasal and throat passages

129
Q

derivatives of serotonin; some compounds are present in plants

A

Tryptamines

130
Q

Examples of tryptamines

A

N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
psilocin

131
Q

a short-term hallucinogen (“businessman’s lunch”); taken by smoking

A

DMT

132
Q

a component of “magic mushrooms” (psilocybe); a hallucinogen

A

Psilocycin

133
Q

enhances the hallucinogenic effect of tryptamines

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (B-carbolines)

134
Q

a tea which contains tryptamines.

A

Ayahuasca

135
Q

Antagonist of tryptamines

A

benzodiazepines

136
Q

Toxic effects of tryptamines

A

tachycardia, hypertension, dystonia, seizures, rhabdomyolysis and paralysis

137
Q

Specimen Considerations for tryptamines

A

Alcohol in blood samples may be analyzed even after a moment of delay provided the
samples in tubes remain sealed, because blood lacks the enzyme that metabolize it.

Urine temperature is a vital factor to assure that it is freshly voided (abused drug).

Aspiration of gastric contents or vomitus may reveal tablets or capsules from which the
ingested drug can be determined.

138
Q

____ sample for toxicology assay has the advantage of knowing the complete composite of
drugs that have been ingested over a longer period than blood samples.

A

Urine

139
Q

Examination of blood has the advantage of ____ to design treatment plan and monitoring the success of treatment.

A

identifying current circulating drugs

140
Q

Drugs when deposited in hair, are generally present in relatively ____ levels

A

low

141
Q

sweat testing, parent drug is —– than metabolites

A

increased

142
Q

saliva testing, drug concentration in it reflects the —— fraction

A

free or active

143
Q

2 basic techniques for identification of drugs

A

immunochemical and chromatography

144
Q

Alcohol is measured from blood using alcohol dehydrogenase as reagent.

It quantitates the sum of all alcohols present in a sample.

It does not distinguish alcohols from its metabolites during quantitation.

A

Enzymatic test

145
Q

Different analyte selectivity is based on different physicochemical principles of separation without changes in instrumental hardware, a distinct advantage of this technique.

Recent variant of TLC that includes the advantages of HPLC.

A

Capillary Electrophoresis

146
Q

This assay is done in one solution without separation

A

Homogenous immunoassays

147
Q

This method uses enzyme-labeled drug that competes with the drug in the sample.

In this reaction, the active site of the enzyme is blocked with the antidrug antibody, resulting to decreased enzymatic activity.

A

Enzyme Mediated Immunologic Technique (EMIT)

148
Q

Chromatographic methods:

method uses serum, urine or gastric fluid for analysis.

Extraction of drugs is pH dependent - acidic drugs at pH 4.5 (barbiturates) and aikaline drugs (opiates, amphetamines) at pH 9.0.

A

Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

149
Q

can be used to confirm positive test results from a screening assay (nonvolatile compounds).

can also be used for detection of poisons in acute or chronic intoxication, therapeutic drug identification and quantitation, pharmacokinetics and drug
metabolism studies.

A

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrospcopy (LC-MS)

150
Q

allows quantitative measurement of drugs as well as separation of these same drugs, especially tricyclic antidepressants including its active and inactive metabolites.

It may be used as an alternative to GC-MS in definitive identification of drugs.

A

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

151
Q

the legally accepted method for ethanol testing

A

Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC)

152
Q

detection of amphetamines

A

GC with Infrared Spectroscopy

153
Q

the gold standard for confirmation of screening methods such as TLC and EMIT

allows for detection of low levels of drugs like cocaine and drug metabolites.

A

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)

154
Q

Urine is the preferred sample especially in drug testing because of the following reasons:

A
  1. Drugs and their metabolites are present in higher concentrations in urine than in blood.
  2. Larger sample volumes are easily collected.
  3. There is no pain or discomfort when collecting the sample.
  4. The process of obtaining the sample is noninvasive.
155
Q

Factors resulting to incorrect drug testing results:

A
  1. Presence of detergents will result to alkaline pH.
  2. Use of sodium chloride (table salt).
  3. Low specific gravity (diluted urine)
  4. High pH (alkaline urine)
  5. Blood in urine (hematuria)
156
Q

Urine drug detection is from about ——- - but most drugs are undetectable in ——

A

12 hours to three weeks
2-5 days

157
Q

Drug detection in —– has longer positivity (months)

A

hair

158
Q

best specimen for alcohol determination

A

whole blood

159
Q

Adulteration is a means of tampering the specimen for drug testing, to make the specimen —- for drugs

A

falsely negative

160
Q

Any confirmatory method is valid, provided it is a completely different method from the primary
one (TLC can confirm —)

A

EMIT

CC Lab (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions