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CC Lab > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland begins to produce at what week of gestation

A

11 weeks

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2
Q

butterfly shaped gland

A

thyroid gland

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3
Q

thyroid lobes are connected by a narrow band called

A

isthmus

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4
Q

fundamental structural unit of thyroid gland

A

follicleis

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5
Q

follicular cells produces

A

T3 and T4

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6
Q

parafollicular cells produces

A

calcitonin

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7
Q

glycoprotein stored at follicular colloid of the thyroid gland

A

thyroglobulin

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8
Q

most important element of thyroid hormones

A

iodine

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9
Q

Major extracellular cation

A

sodium

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10
Q

reference value of Na

A

135-145 mmol/L

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11
Q

Thresehold crit value of Na

A

160 mmol/L - hypernatremia
120 mmol/L - hyponatremia

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12
Q

CSF sodium value:

A

136-150 mmol/L

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13
Q

Hormones affecting Sodium levels:

A

Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

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14
Q

Promotes absorption of calcul in distal tubule; excretion of potassium

A

Aldosterone

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15
Q

Endogenous antihypertensive agent excreted from the cardiac atria

Blocks aldosterone and renin secretion, and inhibits the action of angiotensin II and vasopressin

Natriuresis

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

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16
Q
  1. Excess water loss
    a. Diabetes insipidus
    b. Renal tubular disorder
    c. Prolonged diarrhea
    d. Profuse sweating
    e. Severe burns
    f. Vomiting
    g. Fever
    h. Hyperventilation
  2. Decreased water intake
  3. Increased water intake or retention
    a. Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s disease)
    b. Sodium bicarbonate infusion
    c. Increased oral or IV intake of NaCl
    d. Ingestion of sea water
A

Hypernatremia

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17
Q
  1. Increased sodium loss
    a. Diuretic use
    b. Saline infusion
  2. Increased water retention
    a. Renal failure
    b. Nephrotic syndrome
    c. Aldosterone deficiency
    d. Cancer
    e. Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)
    f. Hepatic cirrhosis
    g. Primary polydipsia
    h. CNS abnormalities - meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis
A

Hyponatremia

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18
Q

pseudohyperkalemia

reduction in serium sodium concentration caused by systematic error in measurement

A

Pseudohyponatremia

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19
Q

also associated with hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia — decrease
sodium is due to excess retention of water in the collecting ducts.

A

Artifactual hyponatremia

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20
Q

Serum Na Low
Urine Na Low
24-hour UNa Low
Urine osmolality Low
Serum K Normal or low

A

Overhydration

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21
Q

Serum Na Low
Urine Na Low
24-hour UNa High
Urine osmolality Low
Serum K low

A

Diuretics

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22
Q

Serum Na Low
Urine Na high
24-hour UNa high
Urine osmolality high
Serum K Normal or low

A

SIADH

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23
Q

Serum Na Low
Urine Na low
24-hour UNa high
Urine osmolality normal
Serum K high

A

Bartter’s syndrome

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24
Q

Serum Na Low
Urine Na Normal
24-hour UNa Normal
Urine osmolality Normal
Serum K High

A

Diabetic hyperosmolarity

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25
Q

Quantity of a substance excreted in the urine expressed as a
fraction of the filtered load of the same substance.

Distinguish between acute tubular and prerenal azotemia

A

Fractional excretion (FE)

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26
Q

Methods for Sodium detection (ICE A)

A

Ion Selective Electrode- Glass aluminum silicate - most common

Colorimetry - albanese lein

Emission of flame photometry

AAS

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27
Q

Methods for Sodium detection (ICE A)

A

Ion Selective Electrode- Glass aluminum silicate - most common

Colorimetry - albanese lein

Emission Flame Photometry

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28
Q

Major intracellular cation

A

Potassium

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29
Q

Threshold critical value of potassium:

A

6.5 mmol/L (hyperkalemia)
2.5 mmol/L (hypokalemia)

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30
Q
  1. Decreased renal excretion
    a. Acute or chronic renal failure
    b. Severe dehydration
    c. Addison’s disease
A

Hyperkalemia

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31
Q
  1. Extracullur shift
    a. Acidosis
    b. Muscle/cellular injury
    c. Chemotherapy
    d. Vigorous exercise
    e. Digitalis intoxication
A

Hyperkalemia

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32
Q
  1. Increased intake — oral or IV infusion
  2. Use of immunosuppressive drugs
    - tacrolimus and cyclosporine
A

Hyperkalemia

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33
Q
  1. Gastrointestina loss
    a. Gastric suction and laxative abuse
    b. Intestinal tumor and malabsorption
    c. Cancer and radio therapy
    d. Vomitting and diarrhea
A

Hypokalemia

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34
Q
  1. Renal loss
    a. Diuretics use (thiazides)
    b. Hyperaldosteronism
    c. Cushing syndrome
    d. Leukemia
    e. Bartter’s syndrome
    f. Gitelman’s syndrome
    g. Liddle’s syndrome
    h.Malignant hypertension
A

Hypokalemia

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35
Q
  1. Intracelluiar shift — alkalosis and insulin overdose
A

Hypokalemia

36
Q

Three major mechanism of diminished renal potassium excretion

A

Reduced aldosterone
Renal Faiure

37
Q

Three major mechanism of diminished renal potassium excretion

A

Reduced aldosterone
Renal Failure
Reduced distal delivery of sodium

38
Q

Most common cause of chronic hyperkalemia due to impaired renal excretion of potassium

A

hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism

39
Q

Reduced GFR and decreased tubular secretion uses accumulation of

A

potassium

40
Q

Causes: sample hemolysis, thrombocytosis,
prolonged tourniquet
application, fist clenching,
blood stored in ice,
IV fluid and high blast counts in acute or accelerated phase leukemias (blast
may lyse during standard phlebotomy releasing K+)

A

Pseudohyperkalemia

41
Q

Thrombocytosis and severe leukocytosis cause ______ release from the platelets

A

potassium

42
Q

Hypomagnesemia also leads to

A

hypokalemia

43
Q

Hypomagnesemia also leads to

A

hypokalemia

44
Q

Methods for Potassium measurement:

A

Emission flame photometry
Ion selective Electrode (Valinomycin gel)
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

45
Q

Methods for Potassium measurement:

A

Emission flame photometry
Ion selective Electrode (Valinomycin gel)
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Colorimetry (Lockhead and purcell)

46
Q

________- is preferred over serum due to potassium released during blood clotting

A

Heparinized plasma

47
Q

Major extracellular cation; counter ion of sodium

A

chloride

48
Q

Marked hemolysis in chloride shows:

A

decreased levels

49
Q

High HCO3 levles shows:______ chloride

A

low serum values

50
Q

Method for detecting chloride

A

Mercurimetric titration (Schales and Schales)

Spectrophotometric

Colorimetric Amperometric Titration

51
Q

end point color of schales and schales

A

HgCl2: BLUE VIOLET

52
Q

Dipheny;carazone is in schales and schales

A

indicator

53
Q

Indicator for schales and schales

A

Diphenylacarbazone

54
Q

Spectrophotometric method for chloride

A

Mercurin thiocyanite (whitehorn titration method)

Ferric perchlorate

55
Q

Whitehorn titration method = chloride forms

A

reddish complexion

56
Q

Ferric perchlorate produces

A

colored complex

57
Q

Colorimetric amperometric titration in chloride

A

Cotlove chloridometer

58
Q

Ion selective electrode uses

A

tri-n-octylpropylammononium chloride

59
Q

Most commonly used for detecting chloride

A

Ion Selective Electrode

60
Q

Hypochloremia
1. Prolonged vomitting
2. Aldosterone deficiency
3. Metabolic alkalosis
4. Salt-!osing nephritis

A

Hypochloremia

61
Q
  1. Renal tubular acidosis
  2. Diabetes insipidus
  3. Salicylate intoxication
  4. Primary hyperparathyroidism
  5. Metabolic acidosis
  6. Prolonged diarrhea
A

Hyperchloremia

62
Q

Present almost exclusively in plasma

A

Calcium

63
Q

involved in blood coagulation, enzyme activity, excitability of skeletal and cardiac muscle, and
maintenance of blood pressure.

maximally absorbed in the duodenum - the absorption is favored at an acidic PH

A

Calcium

64
Q

Forms of Calcium:

A
  1. Ionized(active) Calcium = 50 %
  2. Protein-bound Calcium = 40 %
  3. Complexed with anions = 10 %
65
Q

It increases intestinal absorption of calcium.

It increases reabsorption in the kidneys.

It increases mobilization of calcium from bones.

A

1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2-D3]

66
Q

conserves calcium by increasing reabsorption in the kidneys.

increases the level by mobilizing bone calcium.

activates the process of bone resorption.

suppresses urinary loss of calcium.

stimulates the conversion of inactive vitamin D to active vitamin D3 in the kidneys.

A

PTH

67
Q

thyroid hormone, secreted by the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland.

It inhibits PTH and vitamin - hypocalcemic hormone.

It inhibits bone resorption.
It promotes urinary excretion of calcium.

A

calcitonin

68
Q

Method for detecting calcium

A

Precipitation and redox titration
Ortho-cresolpthalein Complexone Dyes (colorimetric method)
EDTA titration method (BAchara, Dawer, and Sobel)
Ion selective electrode (liquid-membrane)
Atomic Absorption Specreophotometry - reference method
Emission Flame Photometry

69
Q

Clark colli precipitation end product (Calcium)

A

Oxcalic acid (purple color)

70
Q

Ferro ham chloranillic acid end product (calcium)

A

Chloranillic acid (purple color)

71
Q

Ortho-Creolpthalein Complexone dyes

A

Arzeno III

72
Q

Mg inhibitor of calcium

A

8- hydroxyquinoline (chelator)

73
Q

Calcium
1. Alkalosis
2. Vitamin D deficiency
3. Primary hypoparathyroidism
4. Acute pancreatitis
5. Hypomagnesemia
6. Malabsorption Syndrome
7. Renal tubular failure

A

Hypocalcemia

74
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia: CHIMPS

A

Cancer, Hyperthyroidism, Iatrogenic causes, Multiple myeloma, Hyperparathyroidism, and sarcoidosis)

75
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia: CHARD

A

Calcitonin, Hypoparathyroidism, Alkalosis, Renal failure, vit D deficiency

76
Q

Inorganic phosphorus methods

A

Fiske subbarow method (Ammonium molybdate method)

77
Q

Fiske Subarrow method most common reducing agent

A

pictol (amino napthol sulfonic acid)

78
Q

Other reducing agent for Fiske subarrow

A

Elon, ascorbic acid, senidine

methyl amino phenol, n-phenyl-p-phenyline diamine hydrochloride)

79
Q

end product of Fiske and Subarrow

A

unstable ammonium molybdate complex

80
Q

Most accurate measurement of inorganic phosphorus

A

unreduced complex at 340 nm

81
Q

Methods for detecting Magnesium

A

Colorimetric method (calmagite, formazen, magnesium thymol blue)
Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry
Dye Lake Method - titan Yellow dye

82
Q

Color produced from calmagite method (magnesium)

A

reddish violet

83
Q

Color produced from formazen dye method and magnesium thymol blue method

A

colored complex

84
Q

Reference method for Mg

A

AAS

85
Q

Bicarobonate method of detection

A

Ion selective electrode (pCO2 electrode)

Enzymatic (phophoenolpyruvate carboxylase and dehydrogenase)

86
Q

Reference value of bicarbonate

A

21-28 mEq/L

CC Lab (3 decks)

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