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CC2Lec VII-II > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Explains the effects of xenobiotics

A

Mechanistic Toxicology

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2
Q

Predicts what level of exposure will be harmful to humans

A

Descriptive Toxicology

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3
Q

Set standards which defines the level of exposure that will not be harmful to the public

A

Regulatory Toxicology

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4
Q

Exogenous substances that came out from the body that is capable of entering the biochemical pathway

A

Xenobiotics

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5
Q

Describes an animal, plant, mineral or gas

A

Poisons

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6
Q

Biologically synthesized either in the living organism or in microorganism

A

Toxins

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7
Q

Botulinum toxin from

A

Clostridium botulinum

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8
Q

Toxins manifest

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

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9
Q

Known as Grain Alcohol

A

Ethanol

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10
Q

Ethanol leads to

A

Diuresis and Acidosis

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11
Q

Acidosis of Ethanol

A

Rapid absorption in the GI Tract, accumulation of ketones and lactate

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12
Q

Antidote for ethanol intox

A

Diazepam or Valium

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13
Q

Metabolites of ethanol

A

Acetaldehyde and Acetyl Co enzyme A

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14
Q

Conversion of ethanol to metabolites is by

A

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

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15
Q

Hangover symptoms of ethanol is due to the effect of

A

Acetaldehyde

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16
Q

Method for Ethanol

A

Enzymatic method, Gas Liquid Chromatography, and Electrochemical oxidation

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17
Q

Specimen for Ethanol

A

Serum

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18
Q

Common indicators for alcohol intox

A

Ggt ast ast/alt mcv Hdl

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19
Q

Half life of GGT

A

14 to 26 days

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20
Q

Toxic blood level of ethanol

A

> 400 mg/dL

>500 mg/dL for hemodialysis

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21
Q

Otherwise known as Wood alcohol

A

Methanol

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22
Q

Metabolite of Methanol

A

Formaldehyde

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23
Q

Formaldehyde will be further converted to

A

Formic acid

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24
Q

Conversion of formaldehyde to formic acid happens in

A

Liver

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25
Q

Toxic effect of methanol

A

Blindness due to optic neuropathy

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26
Q

Screening test for Methanol

A

Osmolal Gap

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27
Q

Toxic level of Methanol

A

> 50 mg/dL

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28
Q

Known as rubbing alcohol

A

Isopropanol

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29
Q

When Isopropanol is metabolized in the liver through ADH, the product is

A

Acetone

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30
Q

Symptoms of Isopropanol Intox

A

Cns depression and htn

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31
Q

Indication of toxicity of isopropanol

A

Elevated level in the blood and urine

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32
Q

Method of Isopropanol

A

Gas Chromatography

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33
Q

Antidote for Isopropanol

A

Activate Charcoal

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34
Q

What is the function of activated Charcoal

A

Is to prevent absorption of isopropanol in the GIT

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35
Q

Fatal dose of Isopropanol

A

250 mL

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36
Q

Ethylene glycol is found in

A

Hydraulic fluid and freezing substances

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37
Q

Why children are common victims for ethylene glycol

A

Because of its sweet taste

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38
Q

Metabolites of Ethylene Glycol

A

Glycolic acid and oxalic acid

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39
Q

Symptoms of Ethylene Glycol Intoxication

A

Metabolic Acidosis, depressed reflexes, anuria, necrosis

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40
Q

Mode of treatment for Ethylene glycol is

A

Adh inhibtion

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41
Q

Method for Ethylene Glycol is

A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

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42
Q

Fatal Dose of Ethylene Glycol is

A

100 g or 100 mL or 0.1L

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43
Q

Rapidly absorbed into the circulation and formed from incomplete combustion of carbon containing substances

A

Carbon monoxide

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44
Q

CO binds with

A

Cytochrome and heme proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin

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45
Q

CO leads to

A

Hypotension and neurologic changes

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46
Q

Major toxic effect of CO

A

Tissue Hypoxia

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47
Q

Susceptible organs of CO

A

Heart and Brain

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48
Q

Method for CO

A

Co Oximetry

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49
Q

Acute toxicity of CO

A

Cherry red color of the face

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50
Q

Sample of blood for CO

A

Whole Blood, Edta

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51
Q

Component of insecticides and rodenticides

A

Cyanide

52
Q

Cyanide forms

A

Solid, liquid, gas

53
Q

Why is cyanide highly toxic

A

Fast acting toxin

54
Q

Give 2 ideas for Cyanide

A

Common substance for suicides and product of pyrolysis

55
Q

Indication of toxicity for Cyanide

A

Odor of bitter almonds breath and altered mental status

56
Q

Antidote for Cyanide

A

Sodium thiosulfate, amyl and sodium nitrite

57
Q

Toxic symptoms for Cyanide

A

Tachypnea

58
Q

Toxic level of cyanide is

A

> 2ug/mL

59
Q

Arsenic is found in

A

Ant poisons, rodenticides, paints, and metal alloys

60
Q

Metal that has the ability to cross the placenta

A

Arsenic

61
Q

How will arsenic act

A

Inhibits sulfhydryl enzymes and has high affinity to thiol groups

62
Q

Sample of choice for arsenic

A

Hairs and Nails

63
Q

Why hair is measured as chronic or long term exposure of arsenic

A

Because arsenic binds to the sulfhydryl groups in keratin

64
Q

For short term exposure: Sample of arsenic will be

A

Blood or urine

65
Q

Most toxic form of arsenic

A

Arsine gas

66
Q

Symptoms of intoxication arsenic

A 
Hyperpigmentation
Dryness of the mouth
Difficulty in swallowing
Anorexia
Bloody diarrhea
67
Q

Indication of toxicity arsenic

A

Garlic odor breath

Metallic taste

68
Q

Toxic effects

A

Intravascular hemolysis
Hemoglobinemia
Nephrotoxicity
Multi organ involvement

69
Q

Acute fatal dose of arsenic

A

120 mg arsenic trioxide

30 ppm arsenic gas

70
Q

Antidote of Arsenic

A

British anti lewisite

71
Q

Method of arsenic

A

Reinsch Test, AAS

72
Q

Arsenic stays in urine up to

A

6 days

73
Q

Metal used for electroplating and galvanizing

A

Cadmium

74
Q

Destruction of type 1 epithelial cells and decreased resistance to bacterial infection

A

Cadmium

75
Q

Cadmium can also cause

A

Tubular damage

76
Q

Toxic indicator for Cadmium in the kidney

A

Elevated GGT

77
Q

Lead blocks 3 enzymes

A

Delta aminolevulinic acid synthetase
Pyrimidine 5 nucleotidase
Na K atpase

78
Q

Damages the CNS AND PNS

A

Lead

79
Q

Lead indications of toxicity

A

Urinary aminol acid
Free rbc porphyrins
Presence of basophilic stippling in rbc

80
Q

Lead also combines with the

A

Bone matrix

81
Q

Sample of choice for Lead

A

Whole blood

82
Q

It inhibits COMT

A

Mercury

83
Q

Has the ability to Amalgamate

A

Mercury

84
Q

Mercury copies the symptoms with

A

Pheochromocytoma

85
Q

Pink discoloration of the hands and feet

A

Acrodynia

86
Q

Toxic effect of mercury that enables the individual to become moody

A

Erethism

87
Q

Method for Mercury

A

Reinsch Test

88
Q

Major toxic effect of alkyl mercury that has a result of severe mercury posioning

A

Congenital Minamata Disease

89
Q

Reference method for the confirmation of most drugs of abuse

A

GC MS

90
Q

Treatment of narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder

A

Amphetamine

91
Q

Amphetamines have the ability to stimulate the release of

A

Dopamine

92
Q

Drug used to treat hyperactive children

A

Ritalin

93
Q

Acute intoxication of amphetamine

A

Hyperpyrexia

94
Q

What drug: toxic effects would be teeth grinding and pancytopenia

A

Amphetamines

95
Q

What drug: onset of effect is fast with 30 to 1 hour that could have a pleasant feeling

A

Ecstacy or Methylenedioxyamphetamine

96
Q

Sample for Ecstacy

A

Urine

97
Q

4 Toxic effects of anabolic steroids

A

Chronic hepatitis
Atherosclerosis
Abnormal Platelet Aggregation
Cardiomegaly

98
Q

Screening test for anabolic steroids

A

T/E

99
Q

Marijuana came from what plant

A

Cannabis sativa

100
Q

Most active component of marijuana

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol

101
Q

The removal of THC from the circulation is through

A

Passive Diffusion

102
Q

Metabolite of thc

A

THCOOH

103
Q

Why THC has prolonged retention?

A

Because it is a Lipophilic Substance

104
Q

What drug has a physiologic effect of reddening of the conjunctiva

A

THC

105
Q

Sample for THC

A

Urine

106
Q

Hours of peak concentration of THC

A

5 hours

107
Q

Cocaine is extracted from

A

Coca Plant

108
Q

Local anesthetic for nasopharyngeal surgery

A

Cocaine

109
Q

Drug that has a short half life of .5 to 1 hour

A

Cocaine

110
Q

Treatment of cocaine

A

Benzodiazepine

111
Q

Urine metabolite of Cocaine is

A

Benzoylecgonine

112
Q

Inhibitor for Cocaine is

A

Fluoxetine

113
Q

Drugs that are capable of analgesia, sedation, and anesthesia

A

Opiates

114
Q

Treatment for CHF

A

Opiates

115
Q

Source of Opiates

A

Opium poppy

116
Q

Heroin has a half life of

A

6 to 8 minutes

117
Q

Opiates that are anti tussive

A

Codeine

118
Q

What drug elicits respi acidosis, myoglobinuria, and pin point pupils

A

Synthetic Opiates

119
Q

Mode of treatment for Phencyclidine

A

Isolation

120
Q

Major metabolite of phencyclidine

A

Phencyclidine HCl

121
Q

Used as a therapy and depressants

A

Sedative Hypnotics

122
Q

What drugs has toxic effects of blurry vision, synesthesia and the most common adverse factor is Panic reaction

A

LSD

123
Q

Screening procedure for LSD

A

Ehrlich Spot Test

124
Q

Drug that has a sedative hypnotic property and can be removed from the circulation using activated charcoal

A

Methaqualone

125
Q

What drug has toxic effects of Psychomotor Agitation and Sore Nasal and throat passages

A

Piperazines

126
Q

What drug has toxic effect of Dystonia, Seizures, Paralysis and Rhabdomyolysis

A

Tryptamines

CC2Lec VII-II (4 decks)

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