Tourism Flashcards
How much is tourism worth globally?
$919 billion dollars
How many internation tourist arrivals worldwide were there in 2013?
1.087 billion
What are the top 5 tourist destination countries?
- France
- The US
- Spain
- China
- Italy
List as many factors as you can that have contributed to tourism growth
- The average person has become progressively wealthier - more disposable income
- Average holiday leave time has increased (from 2 weeks in the 1950s to 4-6 weeks), deindustrialisation
- Higher life expectancy and better pension incomes created a larger elderly tourist population
- Better travel infrastructure, motorways/airports/faster jets etc
- Cheap and convenient online booking, package holidays
- Birth rates dropping, family units becoming smaller, cheaper to go on holiday
- More choice in destination and type of holiday- adventure, eco etc
What environments are favoured by tourists and why?
- Coastal areas - sun, sand, sea, climate
- Mountains - snow (sport), scenery
- Cities - culture, history, events, icon
Why are LEDC economies so dependent on tourism and what percentage of Barbados’ GDP is the tourism sector?
LEDCs have a less balanced economy, often their tourism sector has grown rapidly due to them becoming a fashionable destination.
Tourism makes up 80% of Barbados’ GDP.
What proportion of:
a) Dubai’s economy is tourism
b) people in Dubai are employed as part of the tourist industry
c) people in Dubai are tourists?
a) 30% of Dubai’s eocnomy is tourism (worth £5million)
b) 1/8 people are employed in tourism
c) 3/4 people in Dubai are tourists
What have authorities in Dubai done to heighten their international status? (2)
- Constructed ‘world firsts’ such as the World Islands, the Palms and the Burj Khalifa
- Built their tourist industry around successful airline ‘Emirates’.
How does tourism benefit LEDC economies? (5)
- Creates employment
- Introduces foreign currency (often more valuable than the native)
- Initiates the multiplier effect
- Provides small businesses (such as taxis/bars) with a customer demographic
- In some countries visitors pay tax
Name the five steps of the Butler Model of Tourist Resort development in order (7)
Why have coastal resorts in the UK gone out of favour with the public? (4)
- People now have more disposable income and are therefore able to spend it on going abroad
- Online booking makes travelling to foreign destinations convenient
- The weather in the UK is notoriously unreliable
- UK seaside towns have gained a ‘tacky’ reputation, due to lack of investment and seemingly outdated entertainment
Apply the first stage of the Butler model to our tourism case study, at what time period did this occur and why?
Exploration: Blackpool Early 1800s
A few wealthier people began visiting the town because it became fashionable to bathe in sea water to cure diseases. There were new found riches in the country due to the industrial revolution and a growing middle class. At this point there were barely any facilities to cater for tourists.
In what year was the railway to Blackpool built and how did this encourage tourism?
1846
The trainline cut travel costs and made the town more accessible to the lower classes.
Apply the second stage of the Butler model to our tourism case study, at what time period did this occur and why?
Involvement: Blackpool Late 1800s
Local people noticed the opportunity to capitalize on tourism and establish business that facilitated the industry. The central pier was built in 1868 and in 1870, workers were empowered and permitted annual holiday leave.
In what year was the Blackpool tower opened?
1894
Apply the third stage of the Butler model to our tourism case study, at what time period did this occur and why?
Development: Blackpool 1900-1960
The Pleasure Beach is built in 1904.
Tourist companies invest in the area, hotel complexes and package holidays are set up. Job opportunities in tourism increase and tourist numbers swell.
In what year was the Holiday Pay act introduced in the UK?
1938
Apply the fourth stage of the Butler model to our tourism case study, at what time period did this occur and why?
Consolidation: Blackpool 1970s-1990s
Blackpool experiences its boom years around 1970. The local economy and infrastructure is dominated by tourism and catering for visitors.
Apply the fifth stage of the Butler model to our tourism case study, at what time period did this occur and why?
Stagnation: Blackpool 2000s
Tourist numbers decline due to increased overseas competition. The environmetal quality decreases. The town gains a ‘tacky’ reputation due to it’s reputation for binge drinking and popularity amongst stag and hen parties.
How much has been spent to try and ensure that Blackpool does not enter into a state of severe decline, but rejuvenation happens instead?
£300million
List 5 of the rejuvenation strategies that were proposed to encourage tourists to Blackpool
- The supercasino
- Regeneration by light project
- Love, From Blackpool films
- Blackpool have embraced the gay community
- Regeneration of the Pleasure beach
In what year were plans drawn up to build a supercasino in Blackpool and why hasn’t it been constructed yet?
2007, the proposal was declined by the Casino advisory panel and it now being built in Manchester instead
What three strategies were included in the ‘Regeneration by Light’ project in Blackpool?
- The Blackpool Tower laser
- Brilliance street displays
- Improvements to the existing Blackpool illuminations
How and when was the Pleasure beach in Blackpool rejuvenated?
It was relaunched as Nickelodeon Land in 2011
What methods does Blackpool use to cope with tourist numbers? (4)
- Investment in infrastructure (park and ride, tramways)
- Environmental maintenance (street sweeping)
- Increased policing (CCTV and patrolling officers at night)
- Investment in coastal defences to safeguard beach (Groynes sea wall)
What makes an environment ‘extreme’?
A remote location, difficult climate and sparse population.
What is the demographic of a typical adventure tourist?
a DINK
Dual income, no kids, often in a stable profession and early to late thirties
Why has adventure tourism grown in recent years? (4)
- Mass tourism caused destinations to become overcrowded and overfamiliar
- Many people have grown tired of relaxation and sekk something out of the ordinary
- Infrastructure has improved, adventure destinations are more accesible
- There are large numbers of young wealthy tourists from MEDCs with diverse/adventurous tastes
What attracts adventure tourists to Antarctica?
- Rare wildlife
- Photography & filmography opportunities
- Extreme landscape - snow
- Adventure kudos eg. dog sledding, snow mobiles, cross country skiing, deep water fishing
How many tourists visited Antarctica in the 1980s compared to tourist the season of 2013/2014?
Fewer than 2000 people visited the continent annually in the 1980s, there were approximately 37,000 in 2013/2014 (according to the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators)
What percentage of tourists in Antarctica are American and British?
American: 39%
British: 15%
How did tourism in the Antarctic begin?
With scenic flights that circled the land and returned to their airports, without passengers leaving the aircraft.
List the environmental impacts of the growth in tourism in Antarctica (6)
- Litter dropping
- Scuba divers can disturb the coral reef
- Reports of people smoking and standing too near to animals are not uncommon
- Oil and gas leaks from ships can pollute the water
- Penguin eggs can be abandoned when their parents are intimidated by human presence
- Scientists fear that harmful foreign microbes could be imported on peoples clothes, this could spread disease
What ship collided with an iceberg in Antarctica in 2007?
The M/S explorer
How much diesel was the M/S explorer carrying when it sank?
50,000 gallons
How many km2 were covered in an oil sheen after the M/S explorer sank?
5km2, the Chilean navy report that this sheen can still be observed in some areas
What are the pros of the growth in tourism in Antarctica?
- Gives people a chance to learn about the area and it’s bio diversity
- Visitors may become ambassadors for the area
- According to BBC bitesize there has been ‘no conclusive evidence’ that tourism to the Antarctic disturbs breeding patterns of wildlife like penguins
List some measures that have been put in place in order to safeguard the Antarctic environment from tourist damage (5)
- New Zealand dispatches a government representative on ships visiting certain bases to ensure people are respectful
- The Antarctic Act of 1994 was passed, decreeing that any British citizen who causes damage is punishable by law
- Infringement of the US Antarctic Conservation act can result in a 1 year jail sentence or a $11,000 fine
- The International Association of Antarctic tour operators was formed to regulate safety and responsibility amongst cruise operators
- The IAATO banned ships carrying over 500 passengers and decreed visitors should be supervised at all times
What is a fundamental flaw in the IAATO?
Enrolment is not mandatory, two of the largest ships have not signed up and land over 100 passengers at a time (more than guidelines permit)
What are the social effects of mass tourism in Kenya (2 positive, 3 negative)?
Positive
- Encourages the building of new travel and communication infrastructure
- Job opportunities develop individual’s and communities business skills
Negative
- The Masai tribe have been driven out of national parks
- Influence of drugs and crime increased
- Political/social unrest causes tourist numbers to fluctuate (2007 disputed election, armed youths and trigger happy police - UK foreign office warned not to travel to the area)
List the economic impacts of mass tourism in Kenya (3 positive, 1 negative)
Positive
- Kenya’s biggest earner of foreign exchange
- Multiplier effect - demand for food, stimulates agricultural industry
- Provides all year round jobs
Negative
- There is a leakage of income - most of the money paid for package holidays profit travel companies and foreign owned hotels rather than the Kenyan workers
Give the environmental effects of mass tourism in Kenya (1 positive, 3 negative)
Positive
- National parks have been established
Negative
- Safari minibuses disturb animals (30 buses can crowd around a single animal in the Masai Mara), soil erosion
- Hot air balloons disturb wildlife (casting shadows, noise of the burners)
- Coastal environments have been damaged (near Mombasa), tourists compromise coral reef
What three main areas does eco tourism focus on?
- Environmental awareness
- Socially sound development
- Sustainability
What is Kigio conservancy in the Rift Valley of Kenya dedicated to?
“wildlife, environment and community”
Where and when was the Kigio conservancy in Kenya established?
120km from Nairobi, in 1997 on an old beef/dairy ranch
How does the Kigio conservancy provide sustainable buildings and energy?
- Accomodation and furniture is built of mud, timber and reclaimed materials
- There is no electricity, oil lamps are used instead
How does the Kigio conservancy benefit the local community?
- Funds community projects
- Provides links and raises money for local schools
- Employs local people (Masai tour guides)
- Conservation activities (works with the Tusk Trust, in 2003 giraffe were relocated into the area)
