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Population Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

Rapid, year on year growth

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2
Q

Define birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 people of the population per year

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3
Q

Define death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people of the population per annum

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4
Q

When does natural increase occur?

A

When birth rate is higher than death rate

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5
Q

When does natural decrease occur?

A

When birth rate is lower than death rate

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6
Q

What does a ‘J shape’ population graph illustrate?

A

An exponential rise in population

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7
Q

The name ‘S shape’ is given to population graphs that show….

A

Exponential growth slowing and levelling off

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8
Q

What factors affect birth rate? (6)

A
  • The emancipation of women (pursuit of a career, education)
  • Available family planning and contraception
  • A good healthcare service and recent advances in medical science
  • Government policy and religion
  • Agricultural development, lessening need for children to be part of a workforce
  • Desire for economic security (average child costs £148,000 to raise from birth up until they are 18)
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9
Q

What factors affect death rate? (6)

A
  • Living conditions
  • Economical security
  • Access to healthcare
  • Access to water, agricultural production and food supply in a country
  • (Military) conflict
  • Disease (pandemic/epidemic)
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10
Q

What is the current world birth rate?

A

19 per 1000 people or 2.5 per woman

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11
Q

What is the world’s death rate?

A

8 per 1000

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12
Q

How can you work out natural change in population?

A

Natural change = (Birth rate - Death rate) ÷ 1000 x 100

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13
Q

Given that the UK birth rate is 13 and death rate is 9 (defined by the World Bank), what is the natural increase/decrease?

A

13 - 9

= 4

÷ 1000 x 100

= 0.4 % increase

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14
Q

What is life expectancy and infant mortality rate?

A

LE: The average number of years that a person can expect to live (based on where they live)

IM: The average number of children born who die in their first year of life

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15
Q

Define dependent population

A

People who are under 15 and over 65, who are dependent on the economically active population

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16
Q

What is replacement rate?

A

The number of children that need to be born to replace the present population.

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17
Q

How many women are childless today, and how many were in their mother’s generation?

A

1/5 are childless today 1/10 in their mothers generation

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18
Q

What is the demographic transition model?

A

The DTM illustrates population over time and particularly how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a country

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19
Q

Features of Stage 1 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?

A

High fluctuating

  • High birth rate
  • High death rate
  • Low total population

Britain circa 1200-15000 Disease (the Black Death 1340s), Poor living conditions, Hard labour, High infant mortality

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20
Q

Features of Stage 2 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?

A

Early expanding

  • High fluctuating birth rate
  • Decreasing death rate
  • Population begins to increase

Britain circa 1500-1800 Healthcare improved (death rate decline), larger families still required as the UK is an agricultural based society

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21
Q

Features of Stage 3 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?

A

Late expanding

  • Slowly declining birth rate
  • Low death rate
  • High natural increase (J shaped data)

Britain circa 1800-1900 Modern healthcare advances (bacteria etc), industrial revolution reduces the need for larger families (urbanisation), family planning and contraception introduced

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22
Q

Features of Stage 4 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?

A

Low fluctuating

  • Low death rate
  • Low birth rate
  • Population growth levels

Britain circa 1900-2000 Emancipation of women, later marriage, casual relationships (social stigma reduced), medical science progressing

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23
Q

Features of Stage 5 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?

A

Natural decrease

  • High death rate
  • Low birth rate
  • Fall in total population
  • Deemed unsustainable

Britain projected population 2050 High elderly population, increasing death rate in conjuction with a consistently low birth rate

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24
Q

What is our Stage 1 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?

A

The Matis Tribe, Amazonia, Brazil

  • Remote community, untouched by modern society
  • Modern medical science and education has no influence
  • No healthcare, without drugs/a sophisticated knowledge of symptoms, people die from preventable illness
  • Little sanitation lowers life expectancy
  • Lack of birth control
  • Large numbers of children required to sustain living
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25
Q

What is our Stage 2 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?

A

Afghanistan

  • Improving healthcare/sanitation, disease prevention
  • Increase in life expectancy
  • Agricultural economy, children are workers/economical assets
  • Shariah law forbids birth control
  • Women are not emancipated
  • More children had to compensate for high infant mortality
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26
Q

What is our Stage 3 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?

A

Brazil

  • Improving healthcare
  • Better but more expensive living conditions
  • Children are an economical hinderance
  • Access to education
  • Women emancipated
  • Birth control available
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27
Q

What is our Stage 4 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?

A

UK

  • Economic growth
  • Even better healthcare, sanitation
  • State funded education for all
  • Contraception readily available
  • Less social stigma surrounding relationships
  • Equality
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28
Q

What is our Stage 5 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?

A

France

  • Elderly (economically dependent) population
  • Rising death rate
  • Economically developed
  • Low birth rate
  • Urbanisation and move away from agricultural economy
  • Women: postponement of marriage and motherhood
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29
Q

What does the width of a base on a population pyramid suggest?

A

Wide base - high birth rate

Slim base - low birth rate

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30
Q

What does the apex of a population pyramid convey?

A

Thin apex - high death rate

Wide apex - low death rate

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31
Q

What does the height of a population pyramid illustrate?

A

Short - low life expectancy

Tall - high life expectancy

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32
Q

List the socio-economic/political issues for countries with a rapidly increasing population (5)

A
  • Lack of jobs/unemployment
  • Strain on services eg. healthcare/education
  • Overcrowding, housing
  • Strain on public utilities
  • Faster spreading disease
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33
Q

What are the environmental issues for a country with increasing population? (5)

A
  • Increasing requirement for food resources, extensive farming
  • Deforestation
  • Hunting, animal extinction
  • Pollution
  • Drought, desertification
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34
Q

In 1970, what was the population of China?

A

829million (20% of the world’s population, only 7% of the world’s farmland)

35
Q

Why were couples encouraged to have children in the 50s and 60s in China? By what percentage did population increase each year during this period?

A

It was a Communist state (and still is) with labor-intensive values that relied on a large workforce. 2/3%

36
Q

How many children were there on average per family in China in the 1960s?

A

4

37
Q

In the 1970s, the Chinese government realised that the population increase that had been occurring was unsustainable - why?

A

There was only limited resources, most people struggled for even the most basic human necessities (water, food, land/housing).

38
Q

How did Chinese authorities originally try and reduce birth rate?

A

Through propaganda that encouraged citizens to “carry out family planning”.

39
Q

On what date was the One Child Policy introduced?

A

September 25th 1980

40
Q

What measures did the One Child Policy consist of (6) ?

A
  • Contraception was made widely available
  • Family planning available in factories
  • All couples had to apply for a birth permit before conceiving
  • Only applied to the Han Chinese race
  • Parents whose first child was disabled/handicapped allowed to have another child
  • Family planning officials were employed
41
Q

What were the incentives offered to those who abided by the One Child policy (2)?

A
  • One Child Parent glory certificate (after women received surgical sterilisation)
  • Cheaper and more accesible healthcare and education
42
Q

What forms of reprimand did people who ignored the One Child Policy (5)?

A
  • Fines
  • Imprisonment
  • Forced abortion
  • Sterilisation
  • Sacking from their occupation
43
Q

List some social impacts of the One Child Policy (7)

A
  • Couples sourcing fertility treatment that would increase chance of conceiving twins/triplets
  • Accelerated emancipation of women
  • Little emperor syndrome
  • Gender imbalance (gendercide), masculine society
  • Reports of brutality in the enforcement of the policy (by quota-driven Family planning officials)
  • Psychological trauma caused by forced abortion and sterilisation
  • Couples are unable to bear another child to support them in their old-age: the 4-2-1 issue, ageing population
44
Q

In the 1980s, how would health officials record female factory workers menstrual cycle in order to prevent unlawful pregnancies?

A

Force them to present stained sanitary towels.

45
Q

What percentage of aborted foetuses in China in 2000 were female?

A

90%

46
Q

What happened to Feng Jianmei on June 2nd 2012?

A

Her 7 month old baby was forcibly aborted by health officials and a photo of her lying next to the bloody corpse went viral.

47
Q

How have Chinese couples ditched their female children as a result of societal attitudes that favour and believe male off spring are more prosperous?

A

Gendercide, abandonment and child trafficking

48
Q

How did one father label the One Child Policy?

A

He claimed “rich people could always have many babies, as long as they paid the bills” and deemed it a “business”

49
Q

List some economic impacts of the One Child Policy (4)

A
  • Smaller workforce
  • Less economically active population
  • Huge increase in economically dependent people
  • Created jobs, around 400,000 people worked for the policy 1995
50
Q

Which community traditionally resisted the One Child policy?

A

Rural people frequently ignored it because they still required a large number of children to complete agricultural duties

51
Q

What are the issues of an ageing population in China? (3)

A
  • The 4-2-1 phenomenon
  • Less workforce, economical production decrease
  • Pensions, healthcare and social security are still underdeveloped (pension scheme was only introduced in 1997)
52
Q

How many births does the Chinese Government say the One Child policy has prevented?

A

400 million

53
Q

What was the birth rate in China per woman in the early 70s in comparison to 2011?

A

In the early 70s birth rate was 4.77 children per woman, it had plummeted to 1.64 in 2011.

54
Q

By what figure does China estimate their population would be bigger if the One Child policy hadn’t been introduced?

A

300million

55
Q

What stage of the demographic transition model is China set to move into in the next few decades?

A

Stage 5

56
Q

Name two other countries where policies to reduce population in certain areas are in place

A

Indonesia and India

57
Q

Summarise the transmigration policy of Jakarta in Indonesia

A

Families are encouraged to move to the outer islands of Indonesia such as Borneo, and are provided with 18 months of support.

58
Q

What are three main issues of the transmigration policy of Jakarta in Indonesia?

A
  • It costs on average $7,000 per family
  • Small areas of the rainforest are sacrificed
  • Indigenous people lose the rights to this land.
59
Q

What are the main aspects of the birth control programme in Kerala, India? (5)

A
  • Education (literacy rates over 90percent, 40percent more than the rest of the country, fosters a career focused society)
  • Better healthcare (reduces infant mortality)
  • Free contraception
  • Women are fully emancipated
  • Land distribution, each family designated 8hectares of land so they are self sufficent
60
Q

What factors contribute to increasing life expectancy? (6)

A
  • Advance in medical care and science
  • Education, awareness of dietary requirements etc
  • Improved living conditions and ‘healthy’ lifestyle awareness
  • Deindustrialisation, less labor intensive work
  • Social security
  • Specialist care facilities
61
Q

List the issues attached to an ageing population (5)

A
  • Strain on state run care eg. The NHS
  • Elder generation are not self sufficent/employable or ICT literate
  • Economically active must fund pension scheme
  • Prejudice that the elderly are a ‘burden on society’
  • Health issues, poor quality of life
  • Debate surrounding the legalisation of Euthanasia
62
Q

Why did France have such a low birth rate in the earlier part of the 20th century? (5)

A
  • Influenza epidemic
  • Involvement in both World War 1 and World War 2
  • Desire to pass on inheritance to fewer children
  • Economic development (mechanisation)
  • Emancipation of women
63
Q

What did the French government ban in the early 1920s?

A

Contraception and abortion (this was repealed in 1967 due to rising cases of STI’s)

64
Q

In what year was the Code De La Famille introduced?

A

1939

65
Q

What incentives are offered to couples who have more than one child in France? (8)

A
  • Tax discounts
  • Allocation of three-bed council flats
  • Childcare subsidised
  • Pension schemes for mothers and housewives
  • Earlier retirement for women with more children
  • 30% reduction on public transport for three child families
  • Couples granted three years of paid parental leave (can be used by either parent)
  • Full-time schooling begins at age three, funded by the government
66
Q

A baby boom occurred in France between 1943 and 1965, during this time, what happened to the correlation between birth rate and death rate?

A

The average number of births (14million) outweighed the number of deaths (9million).

67
Q

By 2030, what proportion of the French population is expected to be over 60?

A

1/3

68
Q

What was the economic dependency ratio in France in 1995?

A

4.4 economically dependent people to every 1 economically active

69
Q

How else are the French government working to reduce the economically dependent population?

A

Raised the retirement age from 60 to 62.

70
Q

Define migration

A

The movement of peopel

71
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

A person who moves elsewhere for economic gain (eg. a better wage)

72
Q

What are the positive impacts of economic migration in the UK (as a destination country)? (6)

A
  • Added taxpayers
  • Peterborough is the fastest growing local economy
  • EU migrants contribute 20billion to the UK (2014 report)
  • Increases cultural diversity
  • Migrants have a better work ethic than locals
  • Qualified migrants search for work in medical or education professions
73
Q

What are the negative impacts of economic migration in the UK (as a destination country)? (4)

A
  • Increased strain on the NHS and schools
  • Language barriers
  • Racial tension/segregation, insular communities
  • Overcrowding
74
Q

What are the positive impacts of economic migration in Poland (as a country of origin)? (2)

A
  • Accelerated emancipation of women
  • Money sent home by workers
75
Q

What are the negative impacts of economic migration in Poland (as a country of origin)? (3)

A
  • Brain drain
  • Shortage of male workers
  • Decreasing birth rate
76
Q

In what year did Poland join the EU?

A

2004

77
Q

How many times higher can wages reach in the UK than in Poland?

A

Five times

78
Q

What is the average age/gender demographic of Polish migrants in the UK and why is this bad for the economy?

A

Male and between the ages of 20 and 40, they often send the money they earn home to their families

79
Q

In what year was there a civil war in Rwanda and between whom?

(This is a refugee case study from BBC Bitesize, I am using it because there is more information on that than we received on the Kurdish refugees we studied in class)

A

1994, before the two ethnic groups the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi.

80
Q

How many people were killed in Rwanda in a three month period?

A

One million

81
Q

How many refugees fled to Tanzania from Rwanda? And what ethnicity were the majority?

A

Half a million, Mainly Hutu

82
Q

What are the environmental impacts of refugee movement from Rwanda to Tanzania? (5)

A
  • Deforestation, as refugees seek wood for fuel and for shelter
  • Overgrazing, by the cattle, sheep and goats brought by the refugees
  • Water shortage, resulting from the sudden increase in demand
  • Water pollution, since no proper sanitation system was initially available
  • The competition for water and firewood led to conflict between the refugees and the local population.
83
Q

Where did most of the refugees stay?

A

On the western border of Tanzania in refugee camps

Geography (Human) (3 decks)

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