Population Change Flashcards
What is exponential growth?
Rapid, year on year growth
Define birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 people of the population per year
Define death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people of the population per annum
When does natural increase occur?
When birth rate is higher than death rate
When does natural decrease occur?
When birth rate is lower than death rate
What does a ‘J shape’ population graph illustrate?
An exponential rise in population
The name ‘S shape’ is given to population graphs that show….
Exponential growth slowing and levelling off
What factors affect birth rate? (6)
- The emancipation of women (pursuit of a career, education)
- Available family planning and contraception
- A good healthcare service and recent advances in medical science
- Government policy and religion
- Agricultural development, lessening need for children to be part of a workforce
- Desire for economic security (average child costs £148,000 to raise from birth up until they are 18)
What factors affect death rate? (6)
- Living conditions
- Economical security
- Access to healthcare
- Access to water, agricultural production and food supply in a country
- (Military) conflict
- Disease (pandemic/epidemic)
What is the current world birth rate?
19 per 1000 people or 2.5 per woman
What is the world’s death rate?
8 per 1000
How can you work out natural change in population?
Natural change = (Birth rate - Death rate) ÷ 1000 x 100
Given that the UK birth rate is 13 and death rate is 9 (defined by the World Bank), what is the natural increase/decrease?
13 - 9
= 4
÷ 1000 x 100
= 0.4 % increase
What is life expectancy and infant mortality rate?
LE: The average number of years that a person can expect to live (based on where they live)
IM: The average number of children born who die in their first year of life
Define dependent population
People who are under 15 and over 65, who are dependent on the economically active population
What is replacement rate?
The number of children that need to be born to replace the present population.
How many women are childless today, and how many were in their mother’s generation?
1/5 are childless today 1/10 in their mothers generation
What is the demographic transition model?
The DTM illustrates population over time and particularly how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a country
Features of Stage 1 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?
High fluctuating
- High birth rate
- High death rate
- Low total population
Britain circa 1200-15000 Disease (the Black Death 1340s), Poor living conditions, Hard labour, High infant mortality
Features of Stage 2 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?
Early expanding
- High fluctuating birth rate
- Decreasing death rate
- Population begins to increase
Britain circa 1500-1800 Healthcare improved (death rate decline), larger families still required as the UK is an agricultural based society
Features of Stage 3 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?
Late expanding
- Slowly declining birth rate
- Low death rate
- High natural increase (J shaped data)
Britain circa 1800-1900 Modern healthcare advances (bacteria etc), industrial revolution reduces the need for larger families (urbanisation), family planning and contraception introduced
Features of Stage 4 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?
Low fluctuating
- Low death rate
- Low birth rate
- Population growth levels
Britain circa 1900-2000 Emancipation of women, later marriage, casual relationships (social stigma reduced), medical science progressing
Features of Stage 5 of the demographic transition model? During what time period was this applicable to Britain and why?
Natural decrease
- High death rate
- Low birth rate
- Fall in total population
- Deemed unsustainable
Britain projected population 2050 High elderly population, increasing death rate in conjuction with a consistently low birth rate
What is our Stage 1 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?
The Matis Tribe, Amazonia, Brazil
- Remote community, untouched by modern society
- Modern medical science and education has no influence
- No healthcare, without drugs/a sophisticated knowledge of symptoms, people die from preventable illness
- Little sanitation lowers life expectancy
- Lack of birth control
- Large numbers of children required to sustain living
What is our Stage 2 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?
Afghanistan
- Improving healthcare/sanitation, disease prevention
- Increase in life expectancy
- Agricultural economy, children are workers/economical assets
- Shariah law forbids birth control
- Women are not emancipated
- More children had to compensate for high infant mortality
What is our Stage 3 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?
Brazil
- Improving healthcare
- Better but more expensive living conditions
- Children are an economical hinderance
- Access to education
- Women emancipated
- Birth control available
What is our Stage 4 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?
UK
- Economic growth
- Even better healthcare, sanitation
- State funded education for all
- Contraception readily available
- Less social stigma surrounding relationships
- Equality
What is our Stage 5 of the DTM case study and why is it in this phase (6)?
France
- Elderly (economically dependent) population
- Rising death rate
- Economically developed
- Low birth rate
- Urbanisation and move away from agricultural economy
- Women: postponement of marriage and motherhood
What does the width of a base on a population pyramid suggest?
Wide base - high birth rate
Slim base - low birth rate
What does the apex of a population pyramid convey?
Thin apex - high death rate
Wide apex - low death rate
What does the height of a population pyramid illustrate?
Short - low life expectancy
Tall - high life expectancy
List the socio-economic/political issues for countries with a rapidly increasing population (5)
- Lack of jobs/unemployment
- Strain on services eg. healthcare/education
- Overcrowding, housing
- Strain on public utilities
- Faster spreading disease
What are the environmental issues for a country with increasing population? (5)
- Increasing requirement for food resources, extensive farming
- Deforestation
- Hunting, animal extinction
- Pollution
- Drought, desertification
In 1970, what was the population of China?
829million (20% of the world’s population, only 7% of the world’s farmland)
Why were couples encouraged to have children in the 50s and 60s in China? By what percentage did population increase each year during this period?
It was a Communist state (and still is) with labor-intensive values that relied on a large workforce. 2/3%
How many children were there on average per family in China in the 1960s?
4
In the 1970s, the Chinese government realised that the population increase that had been occurring was unsustainable - why?
There was only limited resources, most people struggled for even the most basic human necessities (water, food, land/housing).
How did Chinese authorities originally try and reduce birth rate?
Through propaganda that encouraged citizens to “carry out family planning”.
On what date was the One Child Policy introduced?
September 25th 1980
What measures did the One Child Policy consist of (6) ?
- Contraception was made widely available
- Family planning available in factories
- All couples had to apply for a birth permit before conceiving
- Only applied to the Han Chinese race
- Parents whose first child was disabled/handicapped allowed to have another child
- Family planning officials were employed
What were the incentives offered to those who abided by the One Child policy (2)?
- One Child Parent glory certificate (after women received surgical sterilisation)
- Cheaper and more accesible healthcare and education
What forms of reprimand did people who ignored the One Child Policy (5)?
- Fines
- Imprisonment
- Forced abortion
- Sterilisation
- Sacking from their occupation
List some social impacts of the One Child Policy (7)
- Couples sourcing fertility treatment that would increase chance of conceiving twins/triplets
- Accelerated emancipation of women
- Little emperor syndrome
- Gender imbalance (gendercide), masculine society
- Reports of brutality in the enforcement of the policy (by quota-driven Family planning officials)
- Psychological trauma caused by forced abortion and sterilisation
- Couples are unable to bear another child to support them in their old-age: the 4-2-1 issue, ageing population
In the 1980s, how would health officials record female factory workers menstrual cycle in order to prevent unlawful pregnancies?
Force them to present stained sanitary towels.
What percentage of aborted foetuses in China in 2000 were female?
90%
What happened to Feng Jianmei on June 2nd 2012?
Her 7 month old baby was forcibly aborted by health officials and a photo of her lying next to the bloody corpse went viral.
How have Chinese couples ditched their female children as a result of societal attitudes that favour and believe male off spring are more prosperous?
Gendercide, abandonment and child trafficking
How did one father label the One Child Policy?
He claimed “rich people could always have many babies, as long as they paid the bills” and deemed it a “business”
List some economic impacts of the One Child Policy (4)
- Smaller workforce
- Less economically active population
- Huge increase in economically dependent people
- Created jobs, around 400,000 people worked for the policy 1995
Which community traditionally resisted the One Child policy?
Rural people frequently ignored it because they still required a large number of children to complete agricultural duties
What are the issues of an ageing population in China? (3)
- The 4-2-1 phenomenon
- Less workforce, economical production decrease
- Pensions, healthcare and social security are still underdeveloped (pension scheme was only introduced in 1997)
How many births does the Chinese Government say the One Child policy has prevented?
400 million
What was the birth rate in China per woman in the early 70s in comparison to 2011?
In the early 70s birth rate was 4.77 children per woman, it had plummeted to 1.64 in 2011.
By what figure does China estimate their population would be bigger if the One Child policy hadn’t been introduced?
300million
What stage of the demographic transition model is China set to move into in the next few decades?
Stage 5
Name two other countries where policies to reduce population in certain areas are in place
Indonesia and India
Summarise the transmigration policy of Jakarta in Indonesia
Families are encouraged to move to the outer islands of Indonesia such as Borneo, and are provided with 18 months of support.
What are three main issues of the transmigration policy of Jakarta in Indonesia?
- It costs on average $7,000 per family
- Small areas of the rainforest are sacrificed
- Indigenous people lose the rights to this land.
What are the main aspects of the birth control programme in Kerala, India? (5)
- Education (literacy rates over 90percent, 40percent more than the rest of the country, fosters a career focused society)
- Better healthcare (reduces infant mortality)
- Free contraception
- Women are fully emancipated
- Land distribution, each family designated 8hectares of land so they are self sufficent
What factors contribute to increasing life expectancy? (6)
- Advance in medical care and science
- Education, awareness of dietary requirements etc
- Improved living conditions and ‘healthy’ lifestyle awareness
- Deindustrialisation, less labor intensive work
- Social security
- Specialist care facilities
List the issues attached to an ageing population (5)
- Strain on state run care eg. The NHS
- Elder generation are not self sufficent/employable or ICT literate
- Economically active must fund pension scheme
- Prejudice that the elderly are a ‘burden on society’
- Health issues, poor quality of life
- Debate surrounding the legalisation of Euthanasia
Why did France have such a low birth rate in the earlier part of the 20th century? (5)
- Influenza epidemic
- Involvement in both World War 1 and World War 2
- Desire to pass on inheritance to fewer children
- Economic development (mechanisation)
- Emancipation of women
What did the French government ban in the early 1920s?
Contraception and abortion (this was repealed in 1967 due to rising cases of STI’s)
In what year was the Code De La Famille introduced?
1939
What incentives are offered to couples who have more than one child in France? (8)
- Tax discounts
- Allocation of three-bed council flats
- Childcare subsidised
- Pension schemes for mothers and housewives
- Earlier retirement for women with more children
- 30% reduction on public transport for three child families
- Couples granted three years of paid parental leave (can be used by either parent)
- Full-time schooling begins at age three, funded by the government
A baby boom occurred in France between 1943 and 1965, during this time, what happened to the correlation between birth rate and death rate?
The average number of births (14million) outweighed the number of deaths (9million).
By 2030, what proportion of the French population is expected to be over 60?
1/3
What was the economic dependency ratio in France in 1995?
4.4 economically dependent people to every 1 economically active
How else are the French government working to reduce the economically dependent population?
Raised the retirement age from 60 to 62.
Define migration
The movement of peopel
What is an economic migrant?
A person who moves elsewhere for economic gain (eg. a better wage)
What are the positive impacts of economic migration in the UK (as a destination country)? (6)
- Added taxpayers
- Peterborough is the fastest growing local economy
- EU migrants contribute 20billion to the UK (2014 report)
- Increases cultural diversity
- Migrants have a better work ethic than locals
- Qualified migrants search for work in medical or education professions
What are the negative impacts of economic migration in the UK (as a destination country)? (4)
- Increased strain on the NHS and schools
- Language barriers
- Racial tension/segregation, insular communities
- Overcrowding
What are the positive impacts of economic migration in Poland (as a country of origin)? (2)
- Accelerated emancipation of women
- Money sent home by workers
What are the negative impacts of economic migration in Poland (as a country of origin)? (3)
- Brain drain
- Shortage of male workers
- Decreasing birth rate
In what year did Poland join the EU?
2004
How many times higher can wages reach in the UK than in Poland?
Five times
What is the average age/gender demographic of Polish migrants in the UK and why is this bad for the economy?
Male and between the ages of 20 and 40, they often send the money they earn home to their families
In what year was there a civil war in Rwanda and between whom?
(This is a refugee case study from BBC Bitesize, I am using it because there is more information on that than we received on the Kurdish refugees we studied in class)
1994, before the two ethnic groups the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi.
How many people were killed in Rwanda in a three month period?
One million
How many refugees fled to Tanzania from Rwanda? And what ethnicity were the majority?
Half a million, Mainly Hutu
What are the environmental impacts of refugee movement from Rwanda to Tanzania? (5)
- Deforestation, as refugees seek wood for fuel and for shelter
- Overgrazing, by the cattle, sheep and goats brought by the refugees
- Water shortage, resulting from the sudden increase in demand
- Water pollution, since no proper sanitation system was initially available
- The competition for water and firewood led to conflict between the refugees and the local population.
Where did most of the refugees stay?
On the western border of Tanzania in refugee camps
