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Changing Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The process by which the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas increases, due to rural-urban migration.

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2
Q

Social reasons for rural to urban migration? (5 pull, 1 push)

A
  • Better education in cities (pull)
  • Superior healthcare in urban areas (pull)
  • More leisure and retail facilities (pull)
  • A more diverse and a larger number of people live in urban areas, meaning there is more opportunity for business and networking etc (pull)
  • Transport infrastructure is better funded in the city (pull)
  • People can feel isolated living in rural locations (push)
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3
Q

Environmental reasons behind rural to urban migration? (3 pull, 1 push)

A
  • Better access to resources in the city (pull)
  • More land available for development in urban areas - brownfield sites (pull)
  • Good sanitation available (pull)
  • Drought can lead to water shortages in rural areas (push)
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4
Q

Economic reasons for rural to urban migration? (3 pull, 1 push)

A
  • Housing can be more affordable and there is a larger variety of it in urban areas (pull)
  • Higher wages available in the city (pull)
  • More job opportunities - more major industry (pull)
  • The increasing mechanisation of agriculture is reducing the need for manual labour and therefore compromising jobs in the countryside (push)
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5
Q

What is Zone A of the Burgess model and where is it in Bristol?

A

The Central Business District (CBD) Zone A in Bristol is Broadmead.

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6
Q

What is Zone B of the Burgess model and what are its features? Where is Zone B in Bristol?

A

Inner City Zone B in Bristol is the Stokes Croft/St Pauls area.

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7
Q

What is Zone C of the Burgess model and what are its features? Where is Zone C in Bristol?

A

Suburbs Examples of the suburbs in Bristol include Westbury, Southville and Shire.

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8
Q

What is Zone D of the Burgess model and what are its features? Where is Zone D in Bristol?

A

Rural to Urban Fringe Abbots Leigh/Pill/Long Ashton are Zone D areas within the Bristol vicinity.

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9
Q

How is the Hoyt Model different from the Burgess model?

A

The Burgess model was created before the mass ownership of cars. The Hoyt model takes into consideration railway and road links. This makes it more applicable to modern-day cities that are built around transport infrastructure.

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10
Q

What are zones A, B, C, D, E and F of the Hoyt model?

A

A - CBD

B - Zone of transition

C - Residential (lower class, situated near industry)

D - Residential (middle class)

E - Residential (upper class)

F - Industry

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11
Q

The 5 main issues for people living in urban areas in more economically developed countries?

A

Housing

Inner city decline

Congestion

Segregation (as a result of multiculturalism)

Decentralisation and CBD decline

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12
Q

Housing: By what percentage has the number of households increased by in the UK since 1971?

A

30%

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13
Q

Housing: What is the government target with regards to new housing?

A

240,000 homes each year by 2016 (60% to be built on Brownfield sites)

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14
Q

Housing: Definitions of greenfield sites, brownfield sites and gentrification?

A

Greenfield: A plot of land that has previously never been built on

Brownfield: An area that has previously been built upon and is in need of redevelopment

Gentrification: The regeneration of urban property by middle-class or affluent people, often resulting in displacement of lower-income households.

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15
Q

What are the features of Zone A on the Burgess model? (8)

A
  • Business orientated, lots of offices (economic heart of a city)
  • Used for retail, large shopping quarters and big chain retail stores are present
  • Leisure facilities such as restaurants, clubs and cinemas
  • Easily accessible, a point where many transport links converge (eg. bus station)
  • High land values
  • Tall sky scrapers
  • Historical core (eg. a cathedral or harbour)
  • Not much residential accommodation other than flats
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16
Q

What are the features of Zone B on the Burgess model? (6)

A
  • Surrounding the CBD, usually next to the historical core High density residential housing, usually old terraced buildings
  • Noticeable amounts of derelict buildings and other indications towards decline of the area
  • Small(er) independent businesses, varying in quality and service
  • Pockets of smart new development (eg. The Albert Docks in Liverpool)
  • Often deemed a cultural hub
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17
Q

What are the features of Zone C on the Burgess model? (7)

A
  • Predominantly residential, gardens & garages
  • Most often villages that have expanded and been engulfed by the city
  • Facilities such as doctors surgeries and schools are present here to serve the local populous
  • High streets that are home to both smaller independent businesses (butchers, grocers etc) and convenience stores
  • Inter-war semi detached housing and shopping parades line the main roads, behind them are more modern housing estates
  • Some suburbs are private estates, others are (ex) local authority
  • There is less development in this area as the houses that exist are already well built
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18
Q

What are the features of Zone D on the Burgess model? (4)

A
  • Pockets of houses/villages, possibly with a convenience store and/or high street
  • Larger privately owned houses with plots of land attached
  • Woodlands, houses, fields and large parks
  • Agricultural presence
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19
Q

Housing: What is our mini case study and how has it’s redevelopment changed the area?

A

Bristol Harbourside, a brownfield site

Flats built by Crest Nicholson

  • The function of the docks has changed, it is now a residential/leisure complex.
  • Gentrification.
  • The residential accommodation built there is of high value because people will pay more to be closer to work and the retail/leisure amenities available in the CBD.
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20
Q

What are the advantages of building on brownfield sites? (6)

A
  • It’s easier to get planning permission
  • Sites in cities aren’t left derelict
  • Closer to the CBD (retail, leisure), can be sold for higher prices
  • Cuts commuting for workers
  • Utilities such as water and electric are already available
  • Roads and transport links already exist
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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of developing brownfield sites? (4)

A
  • Often situated in old, industrial inner city and this can be undesirable to buyers, can be harder to sell
  • Land needs clearing
  • The site may be polluted from old industrial use
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22
Q

What are the advantages of building on greenfield sites? (6)

A
  • Land can be cheaper on the outskirts of the city
  • Plots can be larger (more space for gardens)
  • There are shops and businesses on the rural/urban fringe
  • Pleasant countryside will appeal to buyers
  • Land does not need clearing
  • No restrictions of existing road network
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23
Q

What are the disadvantages of building on greenfield sites? (5)

A
  • Uses greenbelt land, meaning there will be less open spaces surrounding the city for people to use
  • Roads, electricity and water mains will need to be put in place
  • It permanently encroaches on the countryside and animal habitat
  • Many people believe we should conserve the countryside
  • Harder to get planning permission
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24
Q

Why do inner city areas decline? (6)

A
  • Sub-standard education
  • Poor jobs
  • Poverty
  • Poor housing
  • Crime
  • Pollution
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25
Q

Decline: Where and when was the Urban Development Corporations project active?

A

In the London Docklands area during the 1980s

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26
Q

Decline: How did the Urban Development Corporations regenerate the London Docklands? (5)

A
  • New and improved roads, connected to the capital’s CBD and M25
  • Docklands Light Railway built
  • 25,000 homes built on brownfield land
  • 2000 businesses assisted to establish in the area
  • New health centres and schools
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27
Q

Decline: What was the City Challenge scheme and where did it occur?

A
  • Launched by John Major PM in the 1990s - Aimed to initiate both physical and social regeneration - Councils bid for funds to renew areas - Hulme in Manchester won one of the £37.5 million grants
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28
Q

Decline: How did the City Challenge grant rejuvenate Hulme in Manchester? (6)

A
  • New road infrastructure
  • Birley Fields business park
  • 2000 new homes built (2/3 storeys with gardens) - Youth centre
  • Regeneration of Princess street
  • New park
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29
Q

Decline: How did the local authority attempt to regenerate Hulme in Manchester in the 1960s, and why didn’t it work?

A

Slum accommodation was demolished and crescent shaped high rise flats were built it in it’s place. These were unfeasible to heat, became infested with cockroaches and did not encourage community spirit. The estate soon became plagued with a high crime rate.

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30
Q

Decline: What is the Sustainable Communities project, when and where was it active?

A

In the run up to the 2012 Olympic games in London, Sustainable Communities worked to regenerate Stratford. One of the main reasons London was granted the Olympics was its long-term vision for the role the games could play in improving East London.

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31
Q

Decline: How was Stratford rejuvenated as part of the Sustainable Communities project? (7)

A
  • Westfield shopping centre built (10,000 jobs, 2,000 reserved for local people, 400 new apprenticeships for builders)
  • Olympic stadium, International station, Velodrome, Olympic village, Aquatics centre constructed
  • 4 million square foot of “Grade A” office space created
  • 35,000 new homes
  • 100,000 new jobs
  • £1.3 billion spent by the Olympic Delivery Authority
  • Urban wilds created
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32
Q

Why is congestion an issue?

A
  • Air pollution
  • Noise pollution
  • Buildings discoloured
  • Health issues
  • It is unsightly
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33
Q

Congestion: What percentage of households have more than one car?

A

27%

34
Q

Congestion: Name a traffic solution implemented in London, when was it introduced?

A

The London congestion Zone, February 2003

35
Q

Congestion: What are the benefits of the London congestion zone? (4)

A
  • Persuades people to use public transport/share cars - Reduces pollution in central London
  • Reduces traffic
  • Provides income for the city
36
Q

Congestion: What are the disadvantages of the London congestion zone? (3)

A
  • £10 a day
  • too expensive
  • Shifts traffic issues to inner suburbs
  • Financially effects business and tourism
37
Q

Congestion: Name three ways Bristol (the most congested city in the UK) has attempted to tackle congestion

A
  • Introducing the park and ride
  • Parking permits/charges
  • Encouraging car sharing
38
Q

Congestion: How can pollution from vehicles be reduced? What do critics say about it?

A

Alternative fuels (hydrogen, zero emission)

Critics: cheapest to make hydrogen by burning fossil fuels, lack of hydrogen filling stations

39
Q

Congestion: How have the local authority in Bristol encouraged car sharing? Can you give a specific example?

A

By creating designated 2+ people lanes on arterial routes into Bristol (typically used by commuters). A good example is the A370 from Backwell.

40
Q

Congestion: What is the aim of the Bristol residential parking scheme? Give two reasons why people are opposed to it.

A

To prevent commuters from parking in already congested suburbs Many people don’t support the idea because it means they’ll have to pay to park outside their own homes and households with more than one car might not be able to access permits for all their vehicles.

41
Q

Congestion: Name as many benefits of the Bristol Park and Ride as you can remember (6)

A
  • Cheaper than parking in the CBD
  • Reduces traffic flow
  • Reduces pollution
  • Encourages use of public transport
  • Community cohesion
  • Provides income for the city
42
Q

Congestion: What are the four disadvantages to the Bristol Park and Ride service? (5)

A
  • Only provides certain routes
  • Increases traffic around the parking sites
  • People don’t want to wait in bad weather for buses
  • There are huge overhead costs to running bus services
  • Seats are not always available
43
Q

Segregation: What is segregation?

A

When a cultural group chooses to live away from other ethnicities

44
Q

Segregation: What 4 factors cause segregation?

A
  • Language barriers
  • Access to places of worship
  • Safety in numbers ethos
  • Economic boundaries
45
Q

Segregation: What proportion of ethnic minorities are worries that racial discrimination will impact on their chances in employment/education?

A

3 out of 5

46
Q

Segregation: What have the city of Leeds done to reduce segregation? (3)

A
  • Opened communication and listened to ethnic communities
  • Improved English language taught where it is a second language
  • Free access to community facilities for ethnic communities (eg. free gym membership)
47
Q

Segregation: What have Manchester done to reduce segregation?

A

Reached out to Roma communities, in partnership with the University of Manchester to offer training to young Roma and help them find work.

48
Q

Decentralisation: What is decentralisation and what effect does it have on cities?

A

The decline of the CBD area in a city. It causes the doughnut effect.

49
Q

Decentralisation: What are the main causes of decentralisation? (7)

A
  • High land rent values
  • Traffic congestion
  • Environmental degradation and pollution
  • Crime and perceived increased ‘threat’ after dark
  • Expensive parking
  • Out dated feel
  • The growth of the online sector
50
Q

Decentralisation: How much did the Bristol Alliance spend in it’s response to CBD decline?

A

£500million

51
Q

Decentralisation: How was the CBD of Bristol rejuvenated? (3)

A
  • Cabot Circus built (2008)
  • Investment in street furniture
  • Bearpit development
52
Q

Decentralisation: What was the strategy behind the regeneration of Bristol’s town centre? (4)

A
  • To create a different environment from other local retail parks (eg. Cribbs Causeway The Mall)
  • To offer different retail and flagship stores, amongst common chain shops
  • To create ease of access
  • To offer a more rounded experience eg. with cinema, cafe culture and restaurants
53
Q

What are the main features of a squatter settlement ?(4)

A
  • Homes made of informal materials, primitive and at risk from collapse or flooding
  • Open sewers and rubbish litter the streets
  • Evidence of poverty and unemployment
  • No urban planning/regulation
54
Q

What is informal employment? Give an example specific to our squatter settlement case study.

A

When people create their own jobs, they are often not recognised by official figures. In Kibera, one man sells wheelbarrows made of old car tyres.

55
Q

How many people live in Kibera and what percentage are unemployed?

A

1 million, 50%

56
Q

What is a DIY scheme? Give an example applicable to our squatter settlement case study.

A

When residents take steps to improve their own quality of life. Locals illegally tap into the national grid, informal employment.

57
Q

What is Assisted Self-Help? (ASH) Give an example applicable to our squatter settlement case study.

A

When charities and local authorities work with local people to enhance their home/quality of life. Nathan Collett has opened the Kibera Film School, Andre Leenheer has founded the Coliseum Gym and trains locals to be Muay Thai boxers.

58
Q

What is International Help? Give an example applicable to our squatter settlement case study.

A

When overseas charities and organisations improve infrastructure and lives. Comic Relief channelled funding into Kibera in 2010, the Red Cross are working to improve sanitation in the slum.

59
Q

What is Site and Service? Give an example applicable to our squatter settlement case study.

A

When authorities improve homes and provide amenities, for nominal rent. The UN Human Settlement programmes provides affordable electricity to some parts of the slum.

60
Q

What is Relocation? Give and example of both Site and Service working in conjunction with Relocation in Kibera.

A

When people are redistributed or moved into new housing. The Kenya Slum Upgrading Project (KENSUP) relocate residents whilst improving/rebuilding their homes eg. by mains water, electricity and sewers. Once residents move into their new home, they pay a monthly fee to the council.

61
Q

What problems caused by rapid urbanisation dramatically effect poorer parts of the world?

A
  • Industrialisation
  • Air pollution
  • Waste
62
Q

How many cars travel through Mexico City each day?

A

3 million

63
Q

What are the social and environmental effects of air pollution in Mexico city? (2)

A

Social: An increase in respiratory diseases (asthma & bronchitis)

Environmental: A decline in wildlife (particularly the bird population) has occurred

64
Q

What is the economic effect of congestion in Mexico city?

A

It costs industries and businesses as the rate of trade drops

65
Q

List the methods by which Mexican authorities have attempted to combat air pollution (9)

A
  • Catalytic convertors installed on all vehicles
  • Only even and odd number plates permitted on alternate allocated days
  • Tighter emissions testing twice a year, phasing out older cars
  • Low sulfur coal used in industry
  • Pollutant release and transfer register (in public domain)
  • Pemex made to use unleaded fuel (levels of lead in children’s blood decreased
  • Public transport made faster and cleaner
  • Anti pollution campaign shut down large oil refinery
  • Scientists are campaigning for the contingency level for pollution to be reduced from 200 Ozone layer points to 160
66
Q

On what date did the world’s worst industrial accident unfold in Bhopal, India?

A

3rd December 1984

67
Q

How many people died as a result of the dangerous gas leak in Bhopal and how many suffered permanent disabilities?

A

3,000 deaths

50,000 permanent disabilities

68
Q

What were the short term effects of the Methyl Isocynate leak in Bhopal? (3)

A
  • Death (people and cattle)
  • Evacuation of nearby slums
  • Doctors were overwhelmed and unsure how to treat survivors
69
Q

List some long term effects of the toxic leak in Bhopal, India (6)

A
  • Disability, menstrual disorders, loss of eye sight
  • Psychological trauma
  • Children born with defects
  • Water and soil contaminated
  • Agriculture compromised due to cattle death
  • A prolonged fight for compensation - very few effected have literacy skills but were expected to prove their claim
70
Q

Why does the Indian government accept such high quantities of E-waste?

A

Companies and other countries pay them to accept it

71
Q

What do the poor in Bangalore do to earn a living form E-waste and how it is harmful?

A

They scrape, burn and melt metals to extract precious metals and reusable parts for resale. In doing so, they inhale toxic chemicals like cadium and lead.

72
Q

Name three strategies that have been implemented to try and stop the harm E-waste does to individuals

A
  • There is one small team of safety inspectors in Bangalore
  • Greenpeace campaign against hi-tech companies selling waste to LEDCs
  • Envirophone schemes have been established
73
Q

Name the largest example of hydroelectric power in the world

A

The Three Gorges Dam in China

74
Q

Where was the Three Gorges dam constructed and how much did it cost?

A

the Yangtze River, $39billion

75
Q

How many gallons of raw sewage are dumped into the Yangtze river annually and how many abandoned factories were flooded for the construction of the Three gorges dam?

A

265billion gallons

1600 factories

76
Q

What proportion of China’s usually compliant parliament voted against the Three Gorges Dam?

A

1/4

77
Q

List some socio-economic impacts of the Three Gorges Dam (5)

A
  • 1 million people were resettled
  • The Chinese media aren’t allowed to report on the issues of the Dam
  • Many local houses have formed cracks in their walls and are at risk from collapse (little compensation from government)
  • Jobs have been created
  • The river is now deeper and this means it is able to facilitate larger cargo ships
78
Q

What are the environmental impacts of the Three Gorges Dam? (5)

A
  • Debris collects behind the dam
  • Rubbish began to float on the river after construction (created a job for local people)
  • Speed of running water slowed
  • Water levels rose from 135m to 156m and will rise to 175 - they are however, fluctuating
  • Rising water levels have destabilised the banks of the river
79
Q

Power generated by the Three Gorges Dam is equivalent to that of ……… tonnes of coal

A

50 million

80
Q

What proportion of China’s electricity could the Three gorges dam provide?

A

1/3

Geography (Human) (3 decks)

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