TOURGUIDING W5 Flashcards
speech communication starts here
Speaker
whatever is communicated
Message
means by which a message is communicated
Channel
the receiver of the communicated messag
Listener
comes in many forms and must be understood
Feedback
anything impeding the communication of the message
Interference
the time and place of occurrance
Situation
Over our lives we will listen to many more speeches than
we will deliver.TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment
Appreciative
Listening to provide emotional support for speaker
Empathetic
Listening to understand the speakers message
Comprehensive
Listening to evaluate a message
Critical
Like any skill it takes practice and self-descipline
Take Listening Seriously
When you catch your mind wandering make a conscious effort to pull it back on track; try to anticipate what the speaker will say/do next
Resist Distractions
Lincoln and Gandhi were strange in appearance but were excellent speakers
Don’t be Diverted by Appearance or Delivery
“a closed mind is an empty mind”
Suspend Judgment
Listen for main points
Focus Your Listening
Is it accurate
* Are the sources objective
* Is it relevant
* Is it sufficient to support the speakers claim
Listen for evidence
Study the speakers technique as a learning tool
Listen for technique
Every speech contains two messages:
*One from the speaker
*One received by the listener
“People hear what they want to hear and disregard the rest.”
Paul Simon’s
The Boxer
The tendency for people to be most interested in themselves,
their own problems and the way to solve them
Egocentrism
- Identify the general features
- Gauge their importance to the situation
Look for observable audience traits
AGE, GENDER, RELIGION, RACIAL ETHNIC OR CULTURAL BACKGROUND
Traits
Whatever your age, you’re a product of your world
Age
Old stereotypes no longer apply
* Avoid sexist language and references
GENDER
Be aware of differences and be able to adapt
racial, Ethnic or Cultural Background
Highly charged emotional issue, be sure to consider the religious orientation or you might end up being
embarrassed.
RELIGION
Guilt by association –people judge you by the company you keep
Group Membership
- Assess how the audience is likely to respond
- Adjust what you say to make it
- Clear
- Appropriate
- Convincing
Before the Speech
things may/will not go exactly as you plan
* Don’t panic, remain calm and adapt
* Remember:
* Who am I speaking to?
* What do I want them to know, believe or do?
* What is the best way to accomplish this?
During the Speech
It is better to be remembered for covering 3 or 4 points well than to
leave the audience confused and sorting out 7 or 8 points you made. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The “flesh” that fills out the skeleton of your speech
Supporting Materials
Three major types of supporting materials:
*Examples
* Statistics
* Testimony
Strategic Order of Main Points
*Chronological Order
* Spatial Order
* Casual Order
* Problem Solution Order
* Topical Order
Each main point should be dependent of the other main points. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE ( INDEPENDENT)
Words or phrases that indicate speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another
Transitions
Lets the audience know what the speaker will take up next
Internal Previews
Remind the audience of what they have just heard
internal Summaries
Brief statements that let you know where you are in the speech
Signposts
Words have two kinds of meanings:
denotative
connotative
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.
denotative
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions
triggered by a word or phrase
*give words their intensity and emotional power
*the same words may have completely different effects
on different audiences
connotative
“say what you mean”
Use language accurately
*Use familiar words
*Choose concrete words
*Eliminate clutter
Use language clearly
*Imagery
*Concrete words
*Simile
*Metaphor
Use Language vividly
Use Language Appropriately
*To the occasion
*To the Audience
*To the topic
*To the speaker
Language that promotes the stereotyping of people on the basis of
gender.
Sexist Language
Language that does not stereotype people on the basis of gender
Nonsexist Language
use of “man” when referring to both men and women TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
only done when absolute accuracy is required
Read from manuscript
seldom done, if done rehearse until you’re very comfortable doing it
Reciting from memory
speaking with little or no preparation
* avoid unless you are extremely comfortable with the subject
Impromptu
carefully prepared and delivered from a brief set of notes
Extemporaneously
loudness or softness
VOLUME
highness or lowness of the voice
PITCH
120-170 wpm is normal, too slow leaves people hanging on your words, too fast and they get confused and miss information TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE (120-150)
momentary breaks in your speaking
PAUSE
ary the loudness, pitch and rate to make the speech sound more natural and interesting
VARIETY
use correct pronunciation of common words
Pronunciation
physical production of speech sounds
Articulation
variety of language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar or vocabulary
Dialect
the study of nonverbal body motions as a systematic node of
communication
kinesics
K.I.S.S.
Keep It Simple Stupid
