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Biology 100 > Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 tenets of cell theory

A

1) cell are the fundamental units of life
2) all living organisms are composed of cells
3) all cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Magnification

A

increase size of an object

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3
Q

resolution

A

clarity of an image

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4
Q

contrast

A

visible difference in brightness in parts of the sample

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5
Q

LM uses _____ and EM uses

A

Light beams; magnets + electron beam

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6
Q

Bright field unstained LM

A

minimal contrast + detail

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7
Q

Bright field stained LM

A

helps enhance contrast

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8
Q

Phase-contrast LM

A

more enhancement of light in dark regions

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9
Q

Differential interference contrast LM

A

gives impression of shadow within the cell

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10
Q

Fluorescence LM

A

using dyes and light beams to visualize specific cellular material

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11
Q

Deconvolution LM

A

applied to confocal microscopy to improve contrast + resolution

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12
Q

Confocal

A

uses fluorescence + focuses emitted light so a single pain of cell can be seen

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13
Q

Scanning electron microscopy SEM

A

visualize a 3D surface of an object

- cannot be used for living cells

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14
Q

Transmission electron microscopy TEM

A

beam of electrons is focused on object, if the beam passes through they are detected on a fluorescent screen

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15
Q

Cell Fractionation is

A

taking cells apart + separating major components from one another

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16
Q

The steps in cell fractionation

A

1) Aquire tissue sample
2) Homogenization
3) Homogenate
4) Centrifugation

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17
Q

Differential centrifugation is

A

the ability to study the structure + function of different organelles

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18
Q

Main features of prokaryotic cells

A
  • absence of membrane bound nucleus
  • still has DNA present in the form of a nucleotide
  • Has cytosol, plasma membrane, ribosomes
  • some mechanism for local motion ex- flagella
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19
Q

main features of eukaryotic cells

A
  • DNA is organized differently
  • has membrane bound organelles
  • uses internal membranes to compartmentalize functions that take place in the cell
  • larger
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20
Q

Compartmentalization benefits

A
  • chemical reactions can be partitioned from one another ->
    1) chemical reactions will be more efficient
    2) able to maintain in higher concentrations
    3) groups enzymes to increase efficiency
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21
Q

P + E cell have a ______ that serves as a

A

plasma membrane; selective barrier

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22
Q

the _____ of a cell is related to…

A

volume; chemical reactions

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23
Q

Cells whose role is _____ will have adaptations to increase _____

A

exchange; surface area

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24
Q

The E cell’s genetic instructions are housed in _____ and carried out by

A

nucleus; ribosomes

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25
Q

The _______ contains chromosomes and is the site for events like

A

Nucleolus; transcription +replication

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26
Q

The nuclear envelope has a _____ membrane and a ______ membrane

A

inner; outer

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27
Q

The nuclear envelope has ____ that allow for the _______ of contents in and out of the cell

A

pores; regulation

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28
Q

Ribosomes job is to ______ and are involved in ____

A

manufacture proteins; polypeptide synthesis

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29
Q

Ribosomes do not have a

A

meembrane

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30
Q

The two locations of ribosomes

A

1) scattered in the cytoplasm

2) bound to membranes

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31
Q

Cytoplasm ribosomes are considered

A

free ribosomes

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32
Q

Proteins from free ribosomes will _______ in the _______ or be transfered to specific _____

A

remain; cytoplasm; organelles

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33
Q

Ribosomes consist of a

A

1) large subunit

2) small subunit

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34
Q

The ribosomes subunits participate in _______ and are stabilized through

A

polypeptide synthesis; non-covalent bonding

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35
Q

The endomembrane system consists of

A

1) Nuclear envelope
2) Endoplasmic reticulum
3) Golgi apparatus
4) Lysosomes
5) Vesicles
6) Plasma membrane
7) SECRETION

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36
Q

The components of the endomembrane system are either _____ or connected vis transfer by _____

A

continuous; vesicles

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37
Q

the ER is continuous with the

A

nuclear envelope

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38
Q

The smooth er lacks

A

ribosomes

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39
Q

the smooth er contains _____ involved in the formation or breakdown of _____

A

enzymes; lipids

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40
Q

Smooth er is a site of

A

phospholipid production

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41
Q

Smooth er serves a role in ______ + stores ____

A

detoxification; intracellular calcium

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42
Q

the smooth er benefits from

A

compartmentalization

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43
Q

the rough er has

A

ribosomes

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44
Q

The ribosomes in the rough er will generate ____

A

polypeptides

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45
Q

The interior of he rough er is called

A

lumen

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46
Q

The lumen is the sit of

A

protein folding and modification

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47
Q

Proteins can be modified through ______ which is the addition of a ___

A

glycosilation; carbohydrate

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48
Q

The ration of rough er to smooth er is based on

A

the function of the cell

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49
Q

The testes have more ______ which means they will have more

A

lipid synthesis; smooth er

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50
Q

cell that have more ____ scretion will have more

A

protein; rough er

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51
Q

Golgi are where

A

proteins are processed, sorted, and shipped

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52
Q

the Golgi has flattened sacks called

A

cisternae

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53
Q

The Golgi cis face

A

receives vesicles that have products from the ER

54
Q

The Golgi trans face

A

receives products + ships to other organelles or cell surface

55
Q

The Golgi can also have ______ to assist with movement

A

membrane bound vesicles

56
Q

Lysosomes are_____ sacks of ______ capable of _____

A

membraneous; enzymes; hydrolysis

57
Q

lysosomes main goals are

A

digesting and recycling

58
Q

______ will actively move protons into the lumen of the lysosome

A

protein pumps

59
Q

the ____ after _________ are exported from the lysosome through _____

A

subunits; lysomal degradation; transfer proteins

60
Q

Lysosomes have ______ which work optimally in a _____ ph environment

A

acid hydrolase; acid

61
Q

Acid hydrolase + membranes are synthized by the

A

ER

62
Q

Proteins processed by the ____ are shipped to the ____

A

golgi; lysosome

63
Q

Phagocytes will ______ other cells to form a _____

A

engulf; vesicle

64
Q

Autophagy are used to

A

recycle lare structures + organelles

65
Q

Vacuoles replace the _____ in the _____ cell

A

lysosomes; plant

66
Q

Vacuoles store

A

pigments; proteins; toxins

67
Q

The overall purpose of the endomembrane system is to

A

move proteins to different areas of the cell

68
Q

The mitochondria is a significant

A

ATP producer

69
Q

The outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

defines the surface

70
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

folding of sack like structures called cristae

71
Q

The Cristae increases _______ + allows for ______

A

surface area; compartmentalization

72
Q

The mitochondria is integral for _____ + takes place along the _____ + within the ____

A

cellular respiration; membrane; foldings

73
Q

Cells that have higher concentration of Mitochondria have

ex?

A

higher dependence of ATP

-muscle cells

74
Q

Mitochondria contain

A

mitochondrial DNA

75
Q

Most proteins in the mitochondria are produced from

A

free ribosomes

76
Q

Chloroplasts contain…

A

1) chlorophyl

enzymes + other molecules that function in photosynthesis

77
Q

Chloroplast have a ________ + no

A

double membrane; cristae

78
Q

The third membrane of chloroplast is made up of _______ and _____

A

thylakoids; granum

79
Q

The similarities between mitochondria and chloroplast

A
  • both have double membrane
  • both have free ribosomes
  • both have circular DNA organization
  • grow +reproduce independently within a cell
80
Q

The evolutionary origins of mitochondria explain

A

ancestor of E cell engulfed prokaryote which became a mitochondria

81
Q

Example of reactions that can take place in peroxisomes

A

ethanol oxidation-> alcoholic beverages

82
Q

Peroxisomes are where ______ and _____ take place

A

oxidation + redox recations

83
Q

Redox reactions

A

allow for the transfer of electrons between atoms + molecules

84
Q

The product of redox reactions are ______ which is ________ + can cause ____ to components of the cell

A

hydrogen peroxide; chemically reactive; damage

85
Q

______ detoxifies hydrogen peroxide into ____ and _____

A

Enzymer; hydrogen; oxygen

86
Q

Peroxisomes are another example of

A

compartmentalization

87
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of _____ that _____ + ____ organelles

A

fibers; structure; anchor

88
Q

The cytoskeleton can ____ + ___ to accomidate movement in the cell

A

move + change

89
Q

The three types of molecular structures in the cytoskelton are

A

1) Microtubules
2) microfilaments
3) Intermediate filaments

90
Q

Microtubules are the ____ cytoskeletal component

A

largest

91
Q

Microtubules are assembeled from ____ whose subunits are ____ and ____

A

Tubulin; alpha tubulin; beta tubulin

92
Q

The tubulin are ______ which allow for

A

Non-covalently bonded;

;the building and breaking with less energy expenditure

93
Q

The tubulin polymers have ___

A

polarity

94
Q

Overall microtubules

A

1) provide structural integrity

2) important in cell division

95
Q

In animal cells microtubules will center from

A

centrisomes

96
Q

The cytoskeleton helps support the movement of _____ through the interaction of ____

A

cargo; motor proteins

97
Q

Motor proteins

A

depend on energy to walk there way through a microtubule

98
Q

The motor protein has three regions

A

1) Head
2) Tail
3) stalk

99
Q

The head of the motor protein binds to the ____ and the tail binds to the ____

A

microtubule; transport vesicle

100
Q

The movement of the motor protein is ______ and goes towards the ___

A

directional; positive

101
Q

Microfilaments are _____ with _____ subunits

A

twisted chains; actin

102
Q

Actin subunits are polymerized through

A

non-covalent bonds

103
Q

Microfilaments have

A

polarity

104
Q

Microfilaments are under the _____ and help _____ and are involved in ____

A

plasma membrane; define shape of the cell; movement

105
Q

Microfilaments can also function in cellualr motility through the interaction of ___ and ____

A

action; myosin

106
Q

The interaction between myosin and actin is what allows for

A

muscle contraction

107
Q

Cell crawling is accomplished through

A

actin filaments as they grow and create protrusions in the plasma membrane

108
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming in plants is the

A

directional flow of cytosol in plant cells

109
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along _____ and is powered by ____

A

actin; myosin

110
Q

Intermediate filaments do not exhibit _____ and their role is exclusively

A

polarity; structural

111
Q

Intermediate filaments form the ______ which helps define the shape of the

A

nuclear lamina; nucleus

112
Q

If there is an inability to maintain shape it is due to

A

intermediate filaments

113
Q

cells interact with the

A

extracellular matrix

114
Q

In the ECM collagen purpose is

A

strength + flexibility

115
Q

In the ECM Integrins

A
  • bind to extracellular matrix components

- link ECM to cytoskeleton

116
Q

Adhesive glycoproteins

A

allow cells to attach to the ECM

117
Q

Protein polysacrides in the proteoglycan complex

A

provide the matrix in which structural proteins are embedded

118
Q

The cell wall is the _____ in plant cells

A

ECM

119
Q

Cell walls

A

provide barriers to substances

protect cells from physical damage

120
Q

Parts of the cell wall + description

A

Primary cell wall- composed of cellulose microfibrils
Middle lamella - holds adjacent cells together
secondary wall- will occur in some plants after maturation

121
Q

Cell junctions are

A

ways cells can interact + communicate through protein based iintercations

122
Q

Tight junctions are

A

cell-cell attachments that pull cells close together and creates a tight seal

123
Q

Tight junctions are beneficial in

A

intestines + stomach to prevent contents from leaking

124
Q

Desmosomes are

A

proteins in the membrane that form bridges between anchoring proteins inside the cell

125
Q

Desmosomes provide ____ between adjacent cells which allows for them to ____ and resist _____

A

adhesion sites; to work together; mechanical stress

126
Q

Desmosomes are most abundant in the

A
  • heart muscles
  • skin
  • uterus
127
Q

With the loss of desmosomes comes

A
  • heart failure

- skin defects

128
Q

Desmosomes are enforced by

A

intermediate filaments

129
Q

Gap junctions are a mechnaism for

A

cell communication

130
Q

Gap junctions allow for cells to rapidly ___ to fluctuation in _________ or other molecules

A

respond; concentration of ions

131
Q

Gap junctions are essential for _______ in the ______

A

muscle contractions; heart

132
Q

The plasmodesmata is the ____ of ____ cells

A

cell junction; plant

Biology 100 (5 decks)

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