Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards
1
Q
Macromolecules are…
A
large biological molecules that can generate polymers
2
Q
A polymer is…
A
longer structure made up of many repeating subunits
3
Q
A monomer is…
A
a single subunit
4
Q
Examples of macromolecules are…
A
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
5
Q
Lipids are ____ macromolecules but are______
A
not; large biological molecules
6
Q
The process of building a polymer….
A
dehydration synthesis
7
Q
The process of breaking down a polymer…
A
hydrolysis
8
Q
2 monomers is a…
A
dimer
9
Q
Dehydration reaction is…
A
when monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecules
10
Q
Dehydration reaction results in a ______ bond + the removal of a ______ and ______
A
covalent; hydroxyl group + H atom;
11
Q
We use _____ to facilitate this process
A
enzymes
12
Q
Hydrolysis is…
A
used to generate monomers or smaller components of a polymer
13
Q
In Dehydration _____ is _____ the cell and in Hydrolysis _____ is ______ the cell
A
water; leaving; water; entering
14
Q
Carbohydrate are..
A
molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
15
Q
The simplest carbohydrate are ….
A
monnosaccharides
16
Q
Monosaccharides have….
A
molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
17
Q
Carbohydrates have an abundance of _______ which make it ideal for _______
A
carbo-hydrogen bonds; energy storage
18
Q
The carbohydrate sugars can be classified by their _____ group-> _____ and ____
A
carbonyl group; aldoses; ketoss
19
Q
Most common example of a monosaccharide is …
A
glucose
20
Q
glucose can exists in a _____ form and a _____ form
A
linear; ring
21
Q
glucose has a lot of _______ due to ____ bonds
A
energy storage; carbo-hydrogen
22
Q
What position is the carbonyl group in and what property does it give glucose
A
position- alpha, allows glucose to switch between linear and ring formation
23
Q
disaccharide
A
2 monosaccharides
24
Q
oligosccharide
A
more then 3 less then many
25
The formation of a disaccharide results in the release of _____ and the formation of a _______
water; glycosidic linkage
26
Glycosidic bond
covalent bond between two monosccharides
27
Glycosidic bonds will occur in the presence of an ...
enzyme
28
For sucrose + maltose the glycosidic linkage will occur at the _____ group
hydroxyl
29
Example of polysaccharides are ...
strach, glycogen, cellulose
30
______ is an example of a polysaccharide that utilizes ____ as its monomeric subunit
Starch; glucose
31
Starch has ____ glycosidic linkage in position ____ and _____
alpha; 1-4; 1-6
32
Starch is used to....
store energy in plant
33
Starch readily reacts with _____ which allows for ______, which causes the release of _____ in a plant
water; hydrolysis reactions; energy
34
Glycogen is used for ________ in ______ cells
storage; animal
35
Glycogen has ....
extensive branching
36
Explain how Glycogen is used in liver cells
source of glucose to help maintain blood sugar levels
37
Explain how Glycogen is used in muscle cells
source of fuel to generate ATP; needed by muscles for contraction
38
Glycogen + Starch can be easily ____ to extract ______
hydrolyzed; energy
39
Cellulose has _____ glycosidic linkages which results in _______, making it more suitable for _______ rather then ______
beta; parallel branching; structure; ennergy storage
40
Cellulose forms _____ which______ to cause____
rigid linear rods; aggregate laterally; microfibril
41
The alpha o beta position of glucose will depend on the
position of the hydroxyl group
42
Whether the hydroxyl group is alpha or beta can effect
1) the spacing of the glycosidic linkages
| 2) The ability for certain enzymes to hyrodolize the glycosidic linkages
43
Humans cannot digest cellulose because
we do not contain the enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta linkages found in glucose
44
Animals can digest cellulose because
have different microbiles that are capable of hydrolyzing the beta linkages
45
Lipids are ___ macromolecules
NOT
46
Lipids are...
- largely non-polar
- insoluble in water
- consist of primarily hydro-carbon regions
47
Lipids are used for
1) energy storage
| 2) thermal insulation
48
Examples of Lipids are
1) phospholipids
2) chlorofil
3) steroids
49
The components of fats are
1) Glycerol backbone
| 2) 3 fatty acid tails
50
The ____ group if the glycerol is attached to the long ____
carboxyl; carbon skeleton
51
The dehydration synthesis of the glycerol + fatty acid tails results in a
ester linkage
52
The fatty acids tails within a fat can differ in
1) size
| 2) double bonds
53
Fats are for long term storage because of the
hydro-carbons
54
Fats can be stored in ____ cells and serve to ______ the internal oragns
adipose; cushion
55
Saturated fats have the _____ # of possible ____
maximum; H bonds
56
Saturated fats can _____ because....
tightly pack; no presence of double bonds
57
Saturated fats help ______ fats and are ______ at room temp
stabilize; solid
58
Unsaturated fats have ______ which results in
one or more double bounds; kink
59
Most unsaturated fats have a _____ double bond
cis
60
A cis double bond has
hydrogens located on the same side of the double bond
61
Characteristics of unsaturated fats
1) cant pack together
| 2) liquid at room temp
62
Trans fats have a _____ double bond
trans
63
A trans bond has
the hydrogens on opposite sides
64
Trans fats have the same characteristics as
Saturated Fats
65
Explain how trans fats can cause diseases in humans
because they can pack together we can consume more which creates plaque deposits, making it more difficult for blood to move in the body
66
Phospholipids have a ______ head and ______ tails
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
67
For phospholipids the _____ hydroxyl group in _____ will be attached to a ____
3rd; glycerol; phosphate group
68
One phospholipid tail is ___ and the ____
saturated; unstaurated
69
Phospholipids will form themselves into a
bilayer
70
In the bilayer the ____ will face the exterior and the ____ will face the interioor
polar heads; non-polar tails
71
Steroids are derived from
4-ring hydro-carbon skeletons
72
Steroids will have a ...
polar Hydroxyl group
73
A common steroid is...
Cholesterol
74
Role of enzymes
help increase the rate of a chemical reaction
75
Role of Defensive Proteins
amplify +. use to fight diseases or protect against disease
76
Role of Storage Proteins
resivour for amino acids -> subunits of proteins
77
Role of Transport Proteins
transport substances into, out of, or within a cell
78
Role of Hormones
mediate a response between an organism and the cells found within there
79
Role of Receptor proteins
receive signals from outside cell -> illicit response
80
Role of Motor proteins
movement or motility
81
Role of Structural Proteins
provide physical support + shape to cell + organelles
82
Amino acid monomers are the
building block for proteins
83
Describe the amino acid backbone
amino group + carboxyl group attached to a alpha carbon with a H attached
84
in the amino backbone the two functional groups are
ionized
85
The properties of an amino acid are determined by the
side chain
86
Hydrophobic side chains have
hydrocarbon bonds
87
Hydrophobic side chains will _______ in the interior of a protein
cluster
88
Proteins apart of the cellular membrane will have a
significant amount of hydrophobic amino acid regions
89
Polar side chains will
face aqueous solutions to maximize water interactions or with other polar molecules
90
charged amino acids have a _____ at _____ values that are characteristic of a cell
charge; ph
91
Polypeptides are ______ and built from
unbranched; amino acids
92
The process of connecting amino acids together
dehydration synthesis
93
Describe the formation of a polypeptide bond
carboxyl group interacts with amino group of incoming acid
94
A polypeptide bond is _____ and _____ from _____ terminus to ______ tterminus
covalent; directional; N; C
95
Ways to depict proteins
1) Space-filling model
2) Ribbon model
3) Simplified Diagrams
4) Lock +Key Diagrams
5) Wire Frame Model
96
Space-filling model
info on atoms in the structure
97
Ribbon model
info on polypeptide backbone + folding patterns
98
Simplified Diagrams
transparent so allows for shape + backbone to be seen
99
Lock + Key
shows binding sites
100
Wire Frame Model
shows relationship between antibody protein + flu virus protein
101
The protein primary structure is based on the ________+ determines ______
sequence of amino acids; 3-D architecture
102
The protein secondary structure can consist of _____ and ____ which result from ______ that happens between _______ components of the _____
coils; folds; H bonds; repeated; polypeptide backbone
103
Folds + coils result from
H bonding at repeated constituents in the polypeptide backbone
104
Coils are...
alpha helices
105
Folds are
beta pleated sheets
106
Form + Function of Coils
- Spiral shape
- assist in the formation of H bonds between amino groups and carboxyl groups of an adjacent peptide
- INTRAMOLECULAR BONDING
107
Form + Function of Folds
- run from neighboring segments of polypeptide backbone or polypeptide backbones that have folded upon themselves
- rigid structure
- can participate in both INTER + INTRA MOLECUlAR BONDING
108
Fold + Coil formation is dependent on
amino acids
109
The protein tertiary structure results from
interactions that are seen within the R groups
110
Examples of tertiary structure interactions are ...
H bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der walls, covalent bonds -> disulfide bridges
111
Explain the importance of H bonds in protein tertiary structure
- allow for interactions that were perviously to far apart to interact through polypeptide folding
112
Explain the importance of ionic bonds in protein tertiary structure
- occur with charged side chains
- repel same charge
- attract opposite charge
- if PH IS DISRUPTED = AFFECT IN CHARGE = DISRUPT INTERACTION
113
Explain the importance of Hydrophobic interactions in protein tertiary structure
- lead protein to fold to minimize interaction with hydrophilic environment and maximize interaction with hydrophobic groups
114
Explain the importance of Van der Waals in protein tertiary structure
- perminent dipole leads to hydrogen bonding
| - depend on close proximity
115
Explain the importance of disulfide bridges in protein tertiary structure
- contribute to stability of a protein through covalent bonding
- can be INTER of INTRA
- Strongest type of bonding
- Example- insulin
116
The protein quaternary structure is
when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one or more macromolecule
117
Do all proteins reach quaternary level ?
No
118
Things that determine protein structure
- level of pH
- salinity
- temp
119
Denaturation is
loss of proteins native structure
| - still has the amino acids
120
Explain the structural difference of a protein + its effect on the cells form and function during sickle cell
- change in the 6th amino acid in the primary structure
- affects beta subunits shape + makes them clump together
- causes cell to not efficiently transport oxygen
121
X ray crystallography is
used to figure out protein structure + where atoms are positioned in respect to the protein
122
Nucelic acids
store, transmit, and express genetic information
123
The monomer of nucleic acids are
nucleotides
124
The two major types of nucleic acids are
DNA + RNA
125
DNA provides ____ that allows for transition between _____ to _____
directions; nucleic acid; polypepide
126
DNA -> mRNA process is called
Transcription
127
mRNA -> Polypeptide process is called
Translation
128
The 3 main components of nucleotides
1) Nitrogenous base
2) Pentose (5-carbon sugar)
3) Phosphate group 1 or more
129
The backbone of a nucleotide is the ______ and is linked together by ______
sugar-phosphate backbone; phosphor diesther linkages
130
Nucleoside =
nitrogenous base + sugar
131
The 2 families of nitrogenous basses are
1) Pyrimidines
| 2) Purines
132
Pyrimidines are + contain
- are a 6 member ring structure
| - Cytosine C, Thymine T, and Uracil U ( RNA)
133
Purines are + contain
- 2 fused ring structure - 1 is 6 member other is 5 member
| - contains Adenine A, and Guanine G
134
DNA has a _____ at _____ position
Hydrogen; 2 prime
135
RNA has a _____ at _____ position
hydroxide; 2 prime
136
Nucleic acids result from _____ being linked together through a _______
nucleotides; phosphodiester bridge
137
phosphodiester bond is the
phosphate group with a 5 prime carbon of one nucleotide that joins 3 prime carbon of the next nucleotide
138
Phosphodiester bonds have intrinsic ______ and go from ____ to ___
directionality; 5 prime; 3 prime
139
DNA occurs as a ______ that can _______
double strand; interact with each other
140
Complimentary base pairing occurs between
nitrogenous bases
141
The complimentary base pairing occurs due to
H bonds
142
A goes with
T
143
C goes with
G
144
A to T will always create
2 bonds
145
C to G will always create
3 bonds
146
The strands will run
anti-parallel
147
RNA exists as a _______ but can form _____
single strand; double strand structures
148
In RNA we use ____ instead of ______
U; T
149
Transfer RNA strand runs
anti-parallel to itself
