Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards
Macromolecules are…
large biological molecules that can generate polymers
A polymer is…
longer structure made up of many repeating subunits
A monomer is…
a single subunit
Examples of macromolecules are…
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
Lipids are ____ macromolecules but are______
not; large biological molecules
The process of building a polymer….
dehydration synthesis
The process of breaking down a polymer…
hydrolysis
2 monomers is a…
dimer
Dehydration reaction is…
when monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecules
Dehydration reaction results in a ______ bond + the removal of a ______ and ______
covalent; hydroxyl group + H atom;
We use _____ to facilitate this process
enzymes
Hydrolysis is…
used to generate monomers or smaller components of a polymer
In Dehydration _____ is _____ the cell and in Hydrolysis _____ is ______ the cell
water; leaving; water; entering
Carbohydrate are..
molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
The simplest carbohydrate are ….
monnosaccharides
Monosaccharides have….
molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
Carbohydrates have an abundance of _______ which make it ideal for _______
carbo-hydrogen bonds; energy storage
The carbohydrate sugars can be classified by their _____ group-> _____ and ____
carbonyl group; aldoses; ketoss
Most common example of a monosaccharide is …
glucose
glucose can exists in a _____ form and a _____ form
linear; ring
glucose has a lot of _______ due to ____ bonds
energy storage; carbo-hydrogen
What position is the carbonyl group in and what property does it give glucose
position- alpha, allows glucose to switch between linear and ring formation
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides
oligosccharide
more then 3 less then many
The formation of a disaccharide results in the release of _____ and the formation of a _______
water; glycosidic linkage
Glycosidic bond
covalent bond between two monosccharides
Glycosidic bonds will occur in the presence of an …
enzyme
For sucrose + maltose the glycosidic linkage will occur at the _____ group
hydroxyl
Example of polysaccharides are …
strach, glycogen, cellulose
______ is an example of a polysaccharide that utilizes ____ as its monomeric subunit
Starch; glucose
Starch has ____ glycosidic linkage in position ____ and _____
alpha; 1-4; 1-6
Starch is used to….
store energy in plant
Starch readily reacts with _____ which allows for ______, which causes the release of _____ in a plant
water; hydrolysis reactions; energy
Glycogen is used for ________ in ______ cells
storage; animal
Glycogen has ….
extensive branching
Explain how Glycogen is used in liver cells
source of glucose to help maintain blood sugar levels
Explain how Glycogen is used in muscle cells
source of fuel to generate ATP; needed by muscles for contraction
Glycogen + Starch can be easily ____ to extract ______
hydrolyzed; energy
Cellulose has _____ glycosidic linkages which results in _______, making it more suitable for _______ rather then ______
beta; parallel branching; structure; ennergy storage
Cellulose forms _____ which______ to cause____
rigid linear rods; aggregate laterally; microfibril
The alpha o beta position of glucose will depend on the
position of the hydroxyl group
Whether the hydroxyl group is alpha or beta can effect
1) the spacing of the glycosidic linkages
2) The ability for certain enzymes to hyrodolize the glycosidic linkages
Humans cannot digest cellulose because
we do not contain the enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta linkages found in glucose
Animals can digest cellulose because
have different microbiles that are capable of hydrolyzing the beta linkages
Lipids are ___ macromolecules
NOT
Lipids are…
- largely non-polar
- insoluble in water
- consist of primarily hydro-carbon regions
Lipids are used for
1) energy storage
2) thermal insulation
Examples of Lipids are
1) phospholipids
2) chlorofil
3) steroids
The components of fats are
1) Glycerol backbone
2) 3 fatty acid tails
The ____ group if the glycerol is attached to the long ____
carboxyl; carbon skeleton
The dehydration synthesis of the glycerol + fatty acid tails results in a
ester linkage
The fatty acids tails within a fat can differ in
1) size
2) double bonds
Fats are for long term storage because of the
hydro-carbons
Fats can be stored in ____ cells and serve to ______ the internal oragns
adipose; cushion
Saturated fats have the _____ # of possible ____
maximum; H bonds
Saturated fats can _____ because….
tightly pack; no presence of double bonds
Saturated fats help ______ fats and are ______ at room temp
stabilize; solid
Unsaturated fats have ______ which results in
one or more double bounds; kink
Most unsaturated fats have a _____ double bond
cis