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Year 2 - S1 - Anatomy > Total Lab - Endocrine > Flashcards

Total Lab - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what lies directly above the optic chiasm?

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

What would the visual field defect be if the pituitary gland was enlarged?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

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3
Q

what pituitary lobe is larger?

A

anterior

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4
Q

which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

anterior

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5
Q

what is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

stores and releases hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

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6
Q

histologically - which of the two pituitary lobes stains dark with H and E stain?

A

anterior

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7
Q

histologically - which of the two pituitary lobes stains pale with H and E stain?

A

posterior

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8
Q

in the anterior pituitary - what colour do acidophilic cells stain?

A

pink

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9
Q

in the anterior pituitary - what colour do basophilic cells stain?

A

light purple

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10
Q

in the anterior pituitary - what colour do chromophilic cells stain?

A

do not take up stain

therefore they look pale

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11
Q

What are the secretory products of acidophils?

A

GH

prolactin

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12
Q

What are the secretory products of basophils?

A

ACTH

MSH

TSH

FSH

LH

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13
Q

neurosecretory cells are found in the posterior pituitary gland.

their main secretory products are:

A

oxytocin

vasopressin

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14
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline

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15
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the pituitary gland?

branches of which artery? what are these branches?

A

internal carotid artery

superior hypophyseal artery

inferior hypophyseal artery

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16
Q

the superior …….. artery enters into the surface of the ……… before breaking up into capillaries (the hypophysial portal system).

these capillaries then supply the ….. ……. ……..

A

hypophyseal

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary gland

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17
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

neurosecretory cells - through the infundibulum

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18
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in the neck anterior to the trachea

inferior to the larynx

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19
Q

the thyroid gland is located between vertebral level ….. and ….

A

C5

T1

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20
Q

the thyroid is also located between the thyroid cartilage and the … ……… ……

A

6th tracheal ring

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21
Q

the isthmus lies opposite the ….. to ….. tracheal rings

A

2nd and 4th

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22
Q

identify the three strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

A

sternohyoid

omohyoid

sternothryoid

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23
Q

name the two nerves that supple the muscles of the vocal cords

A

recurrent laryngeal

external laryngeal

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24
Q

where is the recurrent laryngeal in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

runs between the trachea and the oesophagus

25
Q

where is the external laryngeal in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

lies close to the superior thyroid artery

26
Q

from which major artery in the neck does the thyroid artery arise?

A

external carotid

27
Q

from which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

A

subclavian

28
Q

into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

A

internal jugular vein

29
Q

into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

A

internal jugular vein

30
Q

into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

A

brachiocephalic vein

31
Q

most lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into what group of lymph nodes?

A

the deep cervical group of lymph nodes

32
Q

the hormones of the thyroid gland are stored in cavities, surrounded by secretory cells. these make up a ……..

A

follicle

33
Q

in histology:

what type of cells do you see lining the follicle

A

secretory

cuboidal cell

34
Q

within the cavity of the follicle, the hormone bound to .a glycoprotein and is called a ……..

A

colloid

35
Q

what colour does the colloid stain in an H and E stain?

A

pink

36
Q

clear/ parafollicular / c cells secrete what?

A

calcitonin

37
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

A

thyroxin

triiodothryoxine

38
Q

how many parathyroid glands do most people have?

A

4

39
Q

what is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

inferior thyroid arteries

40
Q

what is the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?

A

the veins draining the thyroid to the internal jugular veins

41
Q

what hormone is secreted from the parathyroid gland?

A

parathyroid hormone

42
Q

parathyroid hormone is released in response to what?

A

low serum calcium

43
Q

are the adrenal glands retro or intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

44
Q

each suprarenal gland has two parts:

A

cortex

medulla

45
Q

embryologically what gives rise to the cortex of the adrenal glands

A

mesodermal epithelium

46
Q

embryologically what gives rise to the medulla of the adrenal glands

A

neuroectoderm

47
Q

where do the suprarenal arteries rise from?

A

inferior phrenic arteries

aorta

renal arteries

48
Q

there is only one suprarenal vein

on the right side it drains into:

A

IVC

49
Q

there is only one suprarenal vein

on the left side it drains into:

A

left renal vein

50
Q

the cortex of the suprarenal glands is divided into three zones:

A

outer zona glomerulosa

middle zona fasiculata

inner zona reticularis

51
Q

the medulla has collections of large ……. cells that secrete …….. and ……….

A

chromaffin cells

noradrenaline and adrenaline

52
Q

is the pancreas intra or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

53
Q

what do beta cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?

A

insulin

54
Q

what do alpha cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?

A

glucagon

55
Q

classes of hormones secreted from the cortex of the adrenal glands

A

glucocorticoids

androgens

mineralocorticoids

56
Q

what is the pituitary lobe attached to?

A

hypothalamus

57
Q

name two secretions from the adrenal cortex of the kidney?

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

58
Q

how do hormones get to the pituitary from the hypothalamus?

A

hypophyseal vein

Year 2 - S1 - Anatomy (15 decks)

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