Total Lab - Endocrine Flashcards
what lies directly above the optic chiasm?
pituitary gland
What would the visual field defect be if the pituitary gland was enlarged?
bitemporal hemianopia
what pituitary lobe is larger?
anterior
which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?
anterior
what is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?
stores and releases hormones that are made in the hypothalamus
histologically - which of the two pituitary lobes stains dark with H and E stain?
anterior
histologically - which of the two pituitary lobes stains pale with H and E stain?
posterior
in the anterior pituitary - what colour do acidophilic cells stain?
pink
in the anterior pituitary - what colour do basophilic cells stain?
light purple
in the anterior pituitary - what colour do chromophilic cells stain?
do not take up stain
therefore they look pale
What are the secretory products of acidophils?
GH
prolactin
What are the secretory products of basophils?
ACTH
MSH
TSH
FSH
LH
neurosecretory cells are found in the posterior pituitary gland.
their main secretory products are:
oxytocin
vasopressin
epinephrine
adrenaline
What is the arterial blood supply of the pituitary gland?
branches of which artery? what are these branches?
internal carotid artery
superior hypophyseal artery
inferior hypophyseal artery
the superior …….. artery enters into the surface of the ……… before breaking up into capillaries (the hypophysial portal system).
these capillaries then supply the ….. ……. ……..
hypophyseal
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?
neurosecretory cells - through the infundibulum
where is the thyroid gland located?
in the neck anterior to the trachea
inferior to the larynx
the thyroid gland is located between vertebral level ….. and ….
C5
T1
the thyroid is also located between the thyroid cartilage and the … ……… ……
6th tracheal ring
the isthmus lies opposite the ….. to ….. tracheal rings
2nd and 4th
identify the three strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland
sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothryoid
name the two nerves that supple the muscles of the vocal cords
recurrent laryngeal
external laryngeal
where is the recurrent laryngeal in relation to the thyroid gland?
runs between the trachea and the oesophagus
where is the external laryngeal in relation to the thyroid gland?
lies close to the superior thyroid artery
from which major artery in the neck does the thyroid artery arise?
external carotid
from which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?
subclavian
into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?
internal jugular vein
into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?
internal jugular vein
into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?
brachiocephalic vein
most lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into what group of lymph nodes?
the deep cervical group of lymph nodes
the hormones of the thyroid gland are stored in cavities, surrounded by secretory cells. these make up a ……..
follicle
in histology:
what type of cells do you see lining the follicle
secretory
cuboidal cell
within the cavity of the follicle, the hormone bound to .a glycoprotein and is called a ……..
colloid
what colour does the colloid stain in an H and E stain?
pink
clear/ parafollicular / c cells secrete what?
calcitonin
what hormones does the thyroid gland secrete
thyroxin
triiodothryoxine
how many parathyroid glands do most people have?
4
what is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?
inferior thyroid arteries
what is the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?
the veins draining the thyroid to the internal jugular veins
what hormone is secreted from the parathyroid gland?
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone is released in response to what?
low serum calcium
are the adrenal glands retro or intraperitoneal?
retroperitoneal
each suprarenal gland has two parts:
cortex
medulla
embryologically what gives rise to the cortex of the adrenal glands
mesodermal epithelium
embryologically what gives rise to the medulla of the adrenal glands
neuroectoderm
where do the suprarenal arteries rise from?
inferior phrenic arteries
aorta
renal arteries
there is only one suprarenal vein
on the right side it drains into:
IVC
there is only one suprarenal vein
on the left side it drains into:
left renal vein
the cortex of the suprarenal glands is divided into three zones:
outer zona glomerulosa
middle zona fasiculata
inner zona reticularis
the medulla has collections of large ……. cells that secrete …….. and ……….
chromaffin cells
noradrenaline and adrenaline
is the pancreas intra or retroperitoneal?
retroperitoneal
what do beta cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?
insulin
what do alpha cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?
glucagon
classes of hormones secreted from the cortex of the adrenal glands
glucocorticoids
androgens
mineralocorticoids
what is the pituitary lobe attached to?
hypothalamus
name two secretions from the adrenal cortex of the kidney?
adrenaline
noradrenaline
how do hormones get to the pituitary from the hypothalamus?
hypophyseal vein
