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202- Theme 1 > Topography of the brain > Flashcards

Topography of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

What embryological layer does the nervous system form from?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

What happens in neurological development at day 20?

A
  1. Neuroectoderm receives inductive signals from notochord in mesoderm causing cells to thicken and form neural plate.
  2. Lateral margins of neural plate fold inwards to form neural tube
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3
Q

What happens in neurological development at day 24?

A

Tube thickens and neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate into:

  1. autonomic and sensory neurons and glia
  2. cells of the adrenal gland
  3. epidermis
  4. skeletal/connective tissue of the head
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4
Q

At day 24 of development what do the following layers begin to become?

  1. mantle layer
  2. ependymal layer
  3. lumen
A
  1. becomes brain parenchyma (spinal cord)
  2. lines ventricles of NS
  3. becomes ventricles and central canal
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5
Q

How does Anencephaly occur?

A

failure of anterior neuropore to close- forebrain herniates. fatal.

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6
Q

How does Spina bifida occur?

A

failure of posterior neural tube to close.

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7
Q

What are the two types of spina bifida?

A

Spina bifida occulta: hidden, vertebral arch defect only

Spina bifida cystica: meninges projects out posteriorly

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8
Q

Name the 3 primary brain vesicles

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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9
Q

Name the secondary brain vesicles.

A

Prosencephalon - Telencephalon & Diencephalon
Mesencephalon-
Rhombencephalon- myelencephalon & metencephalon

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10
Q

What do the secondary vesicles develop into?

A 
Telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres 
Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus 
Mesencephalon: midbrain 
Myelencephalon: medulla
Metencephalon: cerebellum & pons
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11
Q

What are the main components of the Telencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Parts of limbic system
Basal Ganglia

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12
Q

What are the names of the lobes in which the cerebral hemispheres are divided into?

A

Parietal
Temporal
Frontal
Occipital

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13
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, folded to form gyri and sulci

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14
Q

What are the main sulci and gyrus you need to know?

A

Central sulcus: dividing frontal and parietal lobes
Precentral gyrus: motor (in frontal lobe)
Postcentral gyrus: sensory (in parietal lobe)
Lateral sulcus: dividing parietal and temporal lobes

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15
Q

What are the sensory functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A 
Somatosensory cortex (parietal)
Visual cortex (occipital) 
Auditory cortex (temporal) 
Olfactory cortex (temporal) 
Gustatory cortex (temporal- hidden)
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16
Q

What are the motor functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Primary motor cortex- movement (frontal)

Motor speech area of Brocca (frontal)

17
Q

Describe the corpus callosum

A

White matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres.

Contains deep brain structures forming neural pathways of limbic system and basal ganglia

18
Q

What are the main components of the limbic system?

A 
Fornix- telencephalon
Cingulate cortex- telencephalon
thalamus- diencephalon
hypothalamus- diencephalon
mamillary bodies- diencephalon
amygdala- telencephalon
hippocampus- hippocampus
19
Q

What does the fornix (white matter tract) connect?

A

Hippocampus and mamillary bodies.

20
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

Interconnected nuclei at base of the forebrain

21
Q

What are the basal ganglia made up of?

A

Corpus striatum: 2 nuclei forming basal ganglia are lentiform nucleus (split into putamen (outer) and globus pallidus (inner)) and caudate nucleus

22
Q

Describe the shape and positioning of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate- C shaped. sits in wall of lateral ventricle
Lentiform- lens shaped
Lentiform nucleus sits lateral to caudate nucleus
the limbic system is medial to lentiform & caudate nuclei

23
Q

What are the capsules in the telencephalon?

A

The internal capsule forms the major white matter tract connecting the cortex to the brainstem. Also forms the internal wall of the lentiform nucleus
The external capsule forms the external wall of the lentiform nucleus

24
Q

What are the 2 components of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

25
Q

Describe the structure and function of the thalamus

A

Paired structure connected by interthalamic region
relays sensory information to the cortex
involved with voluntary movement, personality & consciousness

26
Q

Describe the structure and function of the hypothalamus

A

positioned inferiorly to thalamus.
Sits between optic chiasm (CN2) and mamillary bodies.
involved in homeostasis, coordinates ANS and endocrine responses. Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms.

27
Q

What structure connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

28
Q

What parts of the brain make up the brain stem?

A

Pons- Rhombencephalon
Medulla- Rhombencephalon
Midbrain- Mesencephalon

29
Q

What are the components of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles (feet of brain): white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon
Superior colliculus: eye movements
Inferior colliculus: auditory.
Substantial nigra: dopamingeric neurons, part of basal ganglia
Red nucleus: motor coordination- relay between cortex and cerebellum

30
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Relays information to the cerebellum

31
Q

What are the components of the pons?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles- white matter tracts linking brain stem with cerebellum
Reticular formation- nuclei concerned with sleep, motor control

32
Q

What are the components of the medulla oblangata?

A

Pyramid: corticospinal tract- main voluntary motor pathway
Olive: formed by olivary nuclei- motor relay to cerebellum
Cuneate tubercle and gracile tubercle- nuclei form part of ascending tract

33
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblangata?

A

contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and the cardiovascular system

34
Q

Describe the structure of the cerebellum

A

Posterior to brainstem
Outer grey matter and underlying white matter
2 cerebellar hemispheres divided into 3 lobes
contains nuclei

35
Q

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

A

Control of posture
Coordinating and planning limb movements
Control of eye movements

36
Q

Name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum and what they control

A

Anterior lobe - Posture
Floccculondular lobe- Eye movement
Posterior lobe- Fine motor movement

37
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

Cerebellar peduncles (as part of pons)

202- Theme 1 (10 decks)

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