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202- Theme 1 > Skull & Cranial Cavity > Flashcards

Skull & Cranial Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 layers of the SCALP?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurotic layer 
Loose connective tissue 
Pericranium
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2
Q

What is the innervation of the scalp?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN 5) and spinal cutaneous nerves

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3
Q

Name the 8 neurocranial bones

A 
Occipital 
2 Temporal
2 Parietal 
Sphenoid 
Ethmoid 
Frontal
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4
Q

Name the 14 viscerocranium bones

A 
2 nasal conchae 
2 nasal bones 
2 maxilla 
2 plantine 
2 zygomatic 
2 lacrimal 
vomer 
mandible
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5
Q

Name the 3 layers of the meninges

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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6
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A

Endosteal layer- stuck to skull, lines skull only, stops at magnum foramen
Meningeal layer- around brain and spinal cord
layers are closely applied unless forming a dural sinus

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7
Q

Nerve supply of dura mater?

A

CN 5, 10
C1-3
Sympathetic

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8
Q

Blood supply of dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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9
Q

What is the function of the meningeal layer of the dura?

A

Creates series of folds/septa dividing the cranial cavity, prevents/restricts movement.

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10
Q

What does the Falx Cerebri separate?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

What does the Tentori Cerebelli separate?

A

Cerebral hemispheres from cerebellar hemispheres

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12
Q

What does the Falx Cerebelli separate?

A

Cerebellar hemispheres

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13
Q

What are 3 clinical applications of the dura mater?

A

Dura stretching is anatomical basis of headache
Damage to middle meningeal artery - extradural haematoma
Tentorial herniation- caused by space occupying lesion causing herniation of the temporal lobe

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14
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer of meninges
Loosely applied
avascular
All structures passing to/from brain pass through subarachnoid space

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15
Q

What meninges contains the CSF?

A

The arachnoid mater within the subarachnoid space

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16
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus in the brain ventricles - around 500ml produced per day

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17
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Provides buoyancy to brain protecting it from mechanical forces

18
Q

What is the function of arachnoid granulations?

A

To affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses to prevent buildup of CSF in subarachnoid space

19
Q

Describe the Pia mater

A

Innermost layer of meninges
delicate vascular membrane
close to brain following gyri and sulci
cerebral arteries enter brain carrying sheath of pia mater with them to create periarterial space

20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the spinal cord meninges and how does this differ to the brain?

A
  1. dura mater- with meningeal layer only
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
21
Q

What is leptomeningitis?

A

Infection and inflammation in arachnoid and pia maters. May enter subarachnoid space and enter blood causing septicaemia

22
Q

What are dural sinuses?

A

spaces created by layers of dura mater. Drain blood and CSF via cerebral veins.

23
Q

Where do the dural sinuses drain into?

A

Jugular vein

24
Q

What are the features of dural sinuses?

A

Thick walled endothelium
No valves
No smooth muscle

25
Q

What are the 2 main arteries supplying blood to the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery

Vertebral artery

26
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches inside the skull?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

Middle cerebral artery

27
Q

Which artery do the vertebral arteries unite to form?

A

Basilar artery

28
Q

What is the cerebral arterial circle formed from?

A

Anastomosis between 2 internal carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries

29
Q

What areas of the brain do the cerebral arteries supply?

A

Anterior cerebral artery: medial and superior surfaces & frontal pole
Middle cerebral artery: lateral surfaces and temporal pole
Posterior cerebral artery: inferior surfaces and occipital pole

30
Q

What causes a stroke and why?

A

Embolism in a cerebral artery because there is no anastomosis of cerebral arteries once inside the brain so causes neurological deficit

31
Q

When does mixing in posterior communicating artery occur?

A

Only when ICA or vertebral artery is occluded- in this case blood passes back and forth across the PCA to compensate for reduced blood flow

32
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the cribiform plate

A

CN 1

33
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal?

A

CN 2, Opthalmic A

34
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN 3,4,6,5 V1

35
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through rotundum

A

CN 5 V2

36
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through ovale?

A

CN 5 V3

37
Q

Which structures pass through spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

38
Q

Which structures pass through lacerum?

A

Carotid artery traverses it (doesn’t pass through)

39
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN 7 and 8

40
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through jugular foramen?

A

CN 9,10,11, IJV

41
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through hypoglossal canal?

A

CN12

42
Q

Which structure passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal cord

202- Theme 1 (10 decks)

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