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202T1 > Topography of the brain > Flashcards

Topography of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the development of the brain (neurulation)

A

Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from notochord
Cells thicken to form neural plate
Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural tube

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2
Q

Which cells (cell types) arise from the differentiation of neural crest cells?

At what age does this occur?

A
  1. Neurons and glia of the sensory and autonomic nervous systems
  2. Cells of the adrenal gland
  3. Epidermis
  4. Skeletal/ connective tissue of the head

Embryonic day 24

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3
Q

What is the function of the mantle layer, ependymal layer and lumen of the neural tube?

A

Mantle layer becomes the brain parenchyma
Ependymal lines the ventricles
Lumen becomes the ventricles and central canal

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4
Q

Describe 2 neural tube defects

A

Anencephaly: Failure of anterior neuropore to close. 1/1000. FATAL

Spina bifida: failure of posterior neural tube to close. 1-2/1000. Leads to open vertebral canal

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5
Q

Whats the difference between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica?

A

SBO- hidden, vertebral arch defect only

SBC- e.g. meningocele= meninges projects out

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6
Q

Expansion of the cranial end of the neural tube forms the the main brain regions. What are these?

A 
Prosencephalon= forebrain
Mesencephalon= midbrain
Rhombencephalon= hindbrain

Primary vesicles on LHS

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7
Q

Which secondary vesicles arise from the prosencephalon (forebrain)?

A

Telencephalon= cerebral hemispheres
Optic vesicles= eyes
Diencephalon= thalamus/hypothalamus

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8
Q

Which secondary vesicles arise from the Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)?

A 
Metencephalon= Pons/cerebellum
Myelencephalon= Medulla
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9
Q

Which secondary vesicles arise from the Mesencephalon (Midbrain)?

A

None

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10
Q

At which embryonic day do the secondary vesicles arise?

A

36

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11
Q

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

A

Gray matter (peripheral)- mainly neuronal cell bodies (e.g. cerebral cortex, brain nuclei)

White matter- mainly myelinated axons

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12
Q

What is the telencephalon and how is it arranged?

A

Comprises the cerebral hemispheres/cerebral cortex, components of the limbic system and the basal ganglia

Divided into lobes: 
frontal- primary motor cortex
parietal- somatosensory cortex
temporal- auditory and olfactory cortex
occipital- primary visual cortex
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13
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres
Folded to form gyri and sulci

Precentral gyrus (motor), central sulcus (divides frontal and parietal lobes), postcentral gyrus (sensory), lateral sulcus (divides temporal from parietal lobe)

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14
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres.

3 parts:
Genu- contains axons from pre-frontal complex
Body- contains motor axons
Splenium- contains sensory axons

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15
Q

Briefly state the deep brain structures

A

Brain nuclei and white matter tract deep to cerebral hemispheres
Interconnected to form important neural pathways including:

Limbic system- involved with emotion and memory
Basal ganglia- involved in the control of posture and voluntary movement

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16
Q

Explain the limbic system

A

Spans the telencephalon and diencephalon

Components include: cingulate cortec, fornix, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, amygdala, hippocampus

The fornix is a semi-circular white matter tract connecting the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies

17
Q

What is continuous with the hippocampus?

A

Dente gyrus

18
Q

Describe the basal ganglia

A

Series of interconnected nuclei at base of forebrain

It includes

  1. Lentiform nucleus (lens shaped)- sits lateral to caudate nucleus
  2. Caudate nucleus (C-shaped)- sits in wall of lateral venricle
19
Q

Describe the capsules

A

There two

Internal capsule forms major white matter tract (its internal to leniform nucleus)

External capsule external to leniform nucleus

20
Q

Describe the diencephalon

A

Comprises the thalamus and hypothalamus (+corpus callosum and fornix)

21
Q

Describe the thalamus

A

Paired structure
Relays sensory information to the cortex
Involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness

Interthalamic adhesions connect the thalamus

22
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A

Inferior to the thalamus, between the optic chiasm and mammilary bodies
Involved in homeostasis- coordinates ANS and endocrine processes, thermoreg, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms and recieves inputs from limbic system

23
Q

What is contained within the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei within all three regions
Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres
Vomiting centre
Nuclei involved with motor control, sleep
White matter tracts

24
Q

In the midbrain describe the function of the cerebral peduncles, superior colliculus and inferior colliculus.

A

Cerebral peduncles- white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon

Superior colliculus- vision (eye movements)
Inferior colliculus- auditory (relay nuclei)

25
Q

In the midbrain, describe the role of the red nucleus and substantial nigra

A

Red nucleus- motor coordination- relay between cortex and cerebellum

Substantial nigra- dopaminergic neurons, part of basal ganglia

26
Q

What are the features of the Pons (Rhombencephalon) and what does it do?

A

Relays information to the cerebellum
90% of axons descending through midbrain synapse in pons

Transverse fibres forming cerebellar peduncles
- Middle cerebellar peduncle is a white matter tract linking the brainstem to cerebellum

Contains reticular formation
-Nuclei concerned with sleep, motor control

27
Q

What are the features of the medulla oblongata and what does it do?

A

Pyramid- corticospina tract- main voluntary motor pathway

Olive- formed by olivary nuclei
Motor relay to cerebellum

Cuneate tubercle and gracile tubercle - nuclei form part of ascending tract

Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and the CVS

28
Q

What does the Cerebellum look like and what does it do?

A 
Posterior to brainstem
Outer gray matter with underlying white matter
2 cerebellar hemispheres 
Three lobes
Contains nuclei

Main functions in motor control:
Control of posture
Coordinating and planning limb movements
Control of eye movements

29
Q

State the anatomical features of the cerebellum

A 
Arbor vitae (tree of life)
Cerebellar cortex

Anterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
Posterior lobe

Two hemispheres - left and rights

Vermis in middle

Connected to brainstem by cerebellar peduncles

202T1 (19 decks)

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