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Neurology > Topography of the brain > Flashcards

Topography of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures comprise the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla.

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2
Q

Where is the diencephalon in relation to the brainstem?

A

Diencephalon lies above the midbrain and is not part of the brainstem.

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3
Q

Which CN’s emerge from the brainstem?

A

All except 1 and 2. CNIV comes from the posterior aspect, CNIII and 5-12 come from the anterior aspect. These innervate the head and neck.

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4
Q

What are the main functions of the brainstem?

A
  • Pathway for fibre tracts running between higher and lower centres
  • Brainstem centres produce the rigidly programmed automated behaviours that are essential for survival
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5
Q

Which cavity is posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons?

A

The cavity of the 4th ventricle. In life this is closed off as the cerebellum sits behind it.

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6
Q

Which structure continues from the lower part of the medulla?

A

Medulla continues as the spinal cord after the foramen magnum.

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7
Q

Name the structure that connects the medulla to the cerebellum.

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle.

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8
Q

Which CN’s emerge from the surface of the medulla?

A

CNIX, CNX, CNXI and CNXII.

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9
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts?

A

These are ventral (motor) tracts that decussate (cross over) at the level of the medulla.

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10
Q

Which nuclei are present in the grey matter of the medulla?

A
  • CN nuclei
  • Olivary nuclei
  • Nuclei of the reticular formation
  • Sensory nuclei (gracile and cuneate which are for fine touch and proprioception)
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11
Q

Which CN’s emerge from the surface of the pons?

A

CNV, CNVI, CNVII and CNVIII.

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12
Q

Which structure connects the pons to the cerebellum?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle.

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13
Q

What type of fibres run in the medial lemniscus?

A

Sensory fibres - cuneate and gracile

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14
Q

What are the pontine nuclei?

A

Nuclei in the pons involved in motor activity. Important in learning motor skills.

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15
Q

Which embryological structure does the midbrain develop from?

A

Mesencephalon

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16
Q

What forms the central cavity of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

Which peduncles emerge from the midbrain?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle posteriorly and cerebral peduncle anteriorly.

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18
Q

Which CN’s emerge from the midbrain?

A

CNIII and CNIV (only one to emerge posteriorly).

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19
Q

What are the corpora quadrigemina?

A

The 2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi located on the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. These are reflex centres involved in vision and hearing.

20
Q

Which subcortical centres for the extrapyramidal motor system are located in the midbrain?

A
  • Red nucleus

- Substantia nigra

21
Q

What does the inferior olivary nucleus control?

A

Motor control

22
Q

What is the function of the nuclei in the reticular formation?

A

Maintaining behavioural arousal and consciousness.

23
Q

Where does motor and sensory information cross?

A
  • Motor: in the medulla at the pyramids

- Sensory: lower down in the spinal cord

24
Q

Which structure separates the R and L hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

25
Q

What are the names of the lobes in each hemisphere of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes.

26
Q

What are the grooves of the cerebellum called?

A

Sulci are the depressions and folia are the elevations.

27
Q

Describe the white matter of the cerebeuulum.

A
  • Arbor vitae: tree-like inside of the cerebellum

- Cerebellar peduncles: connect cerebellum to the rest off the brain

28
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

1) Posture maintenance
2) Fine tuning motor activity

Cerebellum takes information from: pyramidal tracts (motor), ipsilateral proprioceptors and vestibular nuclei (balance and posture) –> calculates the best ways to coordinate these inputs and sends this information to the cerebrum via the superior cerebellar peduncle.

In the cerebellum, R half controls R side and L half controls L side (opposite to cerebrum).

29
Q

What is ataxia?

A

A disorder affecting co-ordination, balance and speech - usually caused by damage to the cerebellum.

30
Q

What can be done to test for ataxia?

A

1) Finger-nose test
2) Heel-knee test
3) Walking in a straight line

31
Q

Which substance affects the cerebellum?

A

Alcohol

32
Q

Which structures form the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus (80%)
  • Hypothalamus and pituitary stalk
  • Epithalamus (pineal gland)

–> All are mainly grey matter

33
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

Deep within the cerebral hemispheres, around the 3rd ventricle.

34
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

A sensory relay station containing anterior, medial and lateral (LGB for visual pathway is here) groups of nuclei.

35
Q

Name the structure that separates the thalamus from the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus.

36
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Main visceral control centre and essential for overall homeostasis.

37
Q

Which arteries supply the brain?

A
  • 2 x ICA enter via the foramen lacerum
  • 2 x vertebral arteries enter via the foramen magnum

These enter the circle of Willis which supplies the cerebrum.

38
Q

Which arteries supply the brainstem and cerebellum?

A

Vertebral arteries join together to form the basilar artery. Vertebro-basillar system supplies the brainstem and cerebellum.

39
Q

Which level does the basilar artery divide?

A

The basilar artery ends at the midbrain where it splits into the 2 x PCA’s.

40
Q

What does the CoW protect against?

A

Protective feature against vaso-occlusion of large arteries, but the branches supplying the cerebral hemispheres are effectively end arteries.

41
Q

Which part of the cerebrum does the ACA supply?

A

Medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, excluding the occipital lobe.

42
Q

Which part of the cerebrum does the MCA supply?

A

Lateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres.

43
Q

Which part of the cerebrum does the PCA supply?

A

Inferior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres and occipital lobe.

44
Q

Where do the venous sinuses of the brain lie?

A

Between 2 layers of dura matter.

45
Q

Which veins do the dural venous sinuses ultimately drain to?

A

IJV’s

Neurology (23 decks)

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