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Neurology > Cerebral hemispheres > Flashcards

Cerebral hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

What are the grooves of the cerebral hemispheres called?

A

Sulcus is a dip and gyrus is an elevation.

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2
Q

Where is grey and white matter located?

A

Grey matter on the outside and white matter on the inside.

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3
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) buried in white matter.

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4
Q

Which structure makes the cavity in each hemisphere?

A

Lateral ventricles

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5
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A structure between the hemispheres containing fibres going from 1 hemisphere to the other.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the main lobes?

A
  • Frontal: motor function and intellect
  • Parietal: somatosensory
  • Occipital: vision
  • Temporal: hearing and smell
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7
Q

What is the function of medial portions of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Storage and retrieval of processed information (limbic system).

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8
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

The primary motor cortex; Broca’s area 4. This contains a somatotropic representation of the contralateral half of the body.

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9
Q

What is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Area’s 44 and 45; Broca’s area of motor speech.

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10
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Cognitive functions of higher order:

  • Intellect
  • Judgement
  • Prediction
  • Planning
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11
Q

Which structures are most medial and lateral in the motor homunculus?

A

Knee is most medial and tongue/swallowing is most lateral.

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12
Q

Which structures are most medial and lateral in the sensory homunculus?

A

Leg is most medial and intra-abdominal function most lateral.

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13
Q

What is the post-central gyrus?

A

Primary sensory area; Broca’s areas 3, 1 and 2; receives general sensations from the contralateral half of the body.

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14
Q

What is the superior parietal lobule responsible for?

A

Sensory association area.

Responsible for interpretation of general sensory information and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body.

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15
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobule responsible for?

A

Interface between somatosensory cortex, and visual and auditory association areas.

In the dominant hemisphere it contributes to language functions.

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16
Q

What is hemisensory neglect?

A

Damage to 1 side of the parietal lobe means that the patient is unaware the other side exists.

17
Q

What is right-left agnosia?

A

Not knowing the difference between right and left.

Agnosia is the inability to process sensory information

18
Q

What is acalculia?

A

Inability to perform simple calculations.

19
Q

What is agraphia?

A

Inability to write.

20
Q

What are the main sensory functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing and smell

21
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Superior temporal gyrus areas 41 and 42 (Heschl’s convolutions)

22
Q

What is the extra feature present in the dominant hemisphere?

A

Wernicke’s area - an auditory association are in the superior temporal gyrus.

Crucial for understanding the spoken word.

23
Q

Where is the sensation of smell located in the cerebrum?

A

Inferior surface of the temporal lobe - receives fibres from the olfactory tract for the conscious appreciation of smell.

24
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

On the medial aspect of the occipital lobe on either side of the calcerine sulcus (area 17).

25
Q

What occupies the rest of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual association areas (18 and 19). Interpretation of visual images.

26
Q

Where is the limbic lobe?

A

The medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres - memory and emotional aspects of behavior.

Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus (medial aspect of temporal lobe), parahippocampal campus and the amygdala (subcortical grey matter close to temporal pole).

27
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

The area of motor speech.

28
Q

What is aphasia?

A

A problem with speech due to damage to one or more areas of the brain.

29
Q

Describe Broca’s aphasia.

A

Patient understands speech and knows what they want to say but has difficulty getting words out. Patient aware of difficulties in speech.

Broca’s area is right next to the primary motor cortex and so usually associated with paralysis/weakness of 1/2 of the body.

30
Q

Describe Wernicke’s aphasia.

A

Patient will speak in long, fluent sentences but these don’t make sense. They don’t understand speech so unaware that they are making mistakes.

Due to damage of the temporal lobe and so not associated with paralysis.

31
Q

What are the 3 types of myelinated axon fires in the cerebrum?

A

1) Commisural fibres: run in the corpus callosum and connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres.
2) Association fibres: connect 1 part of the cortex with another and can be short/long.
3) Projection fibres: run between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres. Pass through the corona radiate and the internal capsule.

32
Q

What is the internal capsule and where is it located?

A

Made up of projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex. Blood supply is via the MCA and it is frequently affected in a stroke.

It is a narrow area between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally.

33
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Subcortical nuclei (collections of neuronal cell bodies - grey matter) deep within each cerebral hemisphere.

34
Q

Which structures are part of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus - also the substantia nigra (although this is in the midbrain).

35
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus made of?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus.

36
Q

What are the input regions of basal ganglia?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen

Receive input from the motor cortex, premotor cortex and thalamus.

37
Q

What are the output regions of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Globus pallidus
  • Substantia nigra

Globus pallidus projects primarily to the thalamus which in turn sends fibres to the motor area of the cortex.

38
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

To help regulate initiation and termination of movements - extrapyramidal system.

Pathology: Parkinson’s, chorea, athetosis etc.

Neurology (23 decks)

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