Topography and histology of the urinary system

Question 1

What is the gross anatomy of the kidney?

Answer 1

Retroperitoneal organ
lateral to vertebral column
T12-L3
Right kidney is lower than the left
The left kidney is also slightly longer and closer to the midline

Question 2

What is perinephric fat?

Answer 2

Surrounds the kidney for functions of protection and providing essential nutrients

Question 3

What are the muscle located posteriorly to the kidneys?

Answer 3

Psoas major

Quadratus lumborum

Question 4

which ribs do the kidneys sit in front of?

Answer 4

Ribs 11 and 12

Question 5

What is the Hilum of the kidney?

Answer 5

The vasculature of the kidney made up of the mesenteric artery and IVC

Question 6

Where are nephrons located?

Answer 6

within the renal medulla

Question 7

What is the structure of the nephron?

Answer 7

Renal corpuscle:
glomerulus, bowmans capsule

Renal tubule:
PCT, loop of henle, DCT

Collecting duct

Papillary duct

Question 8

What are the blood vessels entering into the kidney?

Answer 8

renal artery
segmental artery
interlobular artery
arcuate artery
interlobular artery
afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole

Question 9

What are the blood vessels leaving the kidney?

Answer 9

peritubular capillaries / vasa recta
interlobular vein
arcuate vein
interlobular vein
Renal vein

Question 10

What are the 3 constriction points of the ureter?

Answer 10

uteropelvic junction
internal iliac artery Passover point
….

Question 11

What are the blood supply to the ureter?

Answer 11

renal
gonadal
iliac

Question 12

What is the blood supply of the bladder?

Answer 12

internal iliac artery:
superior vesical artery
inferior vesical artery (male)
Uterine artery (female)

Question 13

Where is the internal and external urethral sphincter?

Answer 13

Internal - above prostate

External

Question 14

how is urine formed?

Answer 14

Blood flows into the nephron
selective removal of substances
controlled reabsorption of water, ions, salts, sugars carbs, small proteins.
1% forms urine

Question 15

What is the process of urine formation?

Answer 15

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

Question 16

Where does filtration of urine occur?

Answer 16

glomerular

Question 17

where does reabsorption and secretion of urine formation occur?

Answer 17

Peritubular network

Question 18

Where does excretion of urine occur?

Answer 18

collecting duct

Question 19

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

Answer 19

Glomerulus:
leaky endothelium
basement membrane

Bowman’s capsule:
visceral podocytes
parietal simple squamous epithelium

Question 20

What are podocytes?

Answer 20

cells that cover the capillaries in the visceral layer of the glomerulus

Question 21

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus composed of?

Answer 21

mesangial cells
pericytes
granular juxtaglomerular cells - constrict like smooth muscle
macula densa - sensing cells

Question 22

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

Answer 22

control the flow of blood to the kidney by increasing or decreasing pressure in the arterioles

Question 23

what is the function of the PCT?

Answer 23

lined with a brush border and absorbs most of the filtrate (95%)
absorbs ALL glucose, proteins and amino acids
absorbs ALMOST all carbs, and 75-85% water
Secretion of metabolic waste

Question 24

Why are there mitochondria on the basal infoldings of the PCT?

Answer 24

Contain mitochondria and sodium pumps supplying energy for ionic transport across cell membranes into the interstitium.

Question 25

what is the function of the loop of henle?

Answer 25

High interstitial osmolarity draws water from the filtrate 
Vasa recta capillaries take up water from interstitium and return it to systemic circulation

Question 26

What is the function of the DCT?

Answer 26

shorter than proximal and lack a brush border.

peritubular capillaries return ions to systemic circulation to maintain vital acid-base balance.

Question 27

What is aldosterone?

Answer 27

hormone which enables the active absorption of sodium ions from the filtrate

Question 28

What is the histology of the ureter?

Answer 28

Transitional epithelium  Lamina propria  Smooth muscle  Adventitia

Question 29

What is the sympathetic innervation of the urinary system?

Answer 29

reduction of blood flow to the kidney
increase renin
peristalsis in ureters
distension of the bladder
contraction of the sphincters

Question 30

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the urinary system?

Answer 30

peristalsis in ureters
contraction of the bladder
relaxation of the sphincters