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Digestive and Renal Sciences > Anatomy of the digestive system > Flashcards

Anatomy of the digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the digestive tract consist of?

A

Oral cavity, oesophagus, small and large intestine and the anus
Has associate glands and organs

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2
Q

What is the function of the Digestive tract?

A

Breakdown food for absorption into the body and to eliminate waste

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3
Q

What are the phases of digestion?

A 
Ingestion
Fragmentation
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
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4
Q

What happens during the ingestion phase of digestion?

A

Oral cavity receives food and starts mastication

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5
Q

What happens during the fragmentation phase of digestion?

A

Oral cavity fragments the food by the process of mastication (chewing) and also secretes saliva containing enzymes to begin digestion processes.

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6
Q

What happens during the Digestion phase of digestion?

A

enzymatic breakdown of food into molecules for absorption. Oral cavity with salivary amylase, continues into the stomach forming chime. The pancreatic enzymes and bile in duodenum, completed as passes through small intestine.

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7
Q

What happens during the absorption phase of digestion?

A

Most nutrients, amino acids, glucose molecules and water are absorbed in the small intestine. Extra water that is not absorbed is then further absorbed in the large intestine to remove the water from stool.

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8
Q

What happens during the elimination phase of digestion?

A

Rectum holds faeces prior to defaecation via the anal canal.

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9
Q

Where is the oral cavity?

A

Extends from the lips to the oropharynx posterior boundary, oropharyngeal isthmus

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10
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

between the lips and cheek (buccinators muscle) externally and teeth and gums internally

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11
Q

What is the mouth proper?

A

Anterior and laterally dental arches
floor- anterior 2/3rd of tongue, mylohyoid muscles, geniohyoid muscle
Roof - hard and soft palate
Posteriorly - oropharyngeal isthmus

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12
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue?

A

Intrinsic muscles - superior and inferior longitudinal, vertical, transverse and septum
Extrinsic muscles - plalatoglossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus, genioglossus.

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13
Q

What are the parotid glands?

A

Parotid glands produce serous acini - fluid containing amylase and antimicrobial proteins

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14
Q

What are the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

Submandibular - mixed serous and mucous gland but predominantly serous acini (amylase, proteins and lysozymes)
Sublignual gland - mixed gland but predominantly mucinous

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15
Q

Where is the soft palate and what is it?

A

Sits behind the hard palate. swings up when swallowing to prevent food entering the nasal cavity.

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16
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
consists of 3 rings of constrictor muscles (superior, middle and inferior) which contract sequentially when swallowing to squeeze food down the oesophagus.

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17
Q

What is the structure of the gut tube?

A

Mucosa - epithelial tissue
submucosa -connective tissue, submucosal gland, blood vessels and submucosal nerve plexus
muscularis - inner smooth muscle circular layer, myenteric nerve plexus, outer longitudinal layer
serosa - loose connective tissue, blood vessels and a simple squamous epithelium covering

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18
Q

What are the various regions of the gut?

A

Foregut - lower part of the oesophagus to mid duodenum supplied by the celiac trunk
mid gut -from duodenum to the transverse colon supplied by the superior mesenteric artery
hindgut - transverse colon to mid anal canal supplied by the inferior myenteric artery

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19
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube ranging from the laryngeal pharynx to the stomach.

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20
Q

What is the histology of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (non keratinised)

submucosal mucous secreting oesophageal glands

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21
Q

What is the location of the stomach?

A

Upper stomach frim the left costal margin into the epigastrium and umbilical regions
fixed at ends but mobile in between
depends on volume of content, body position and phase of respiration.

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22
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

secretion of bile

23
Q

What is the Exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Produce enzymes to hydrolyse proteins fats and carbohydrates

24
Q

what blood supply supplies the foregut and what nerves innervate the foregut?

A

Blood Supply - Coeliac Trunk
Venous Drainage - Portal and splen vien
Innervation - Symp and Parasymp (vagus)

25
Q

what blood supply supplies the midgut and what nerves innervate the midgut?

A

Blood Supply - Superior mesenteric artery
Venous Drainage - Superior mesenteric vein
Innervation - Vagus nerve of ParaNS

26
Q

What is the Endocrine function of the Pancreas?

A

Production of insulin and glucagon for carbohydrate metabolism

27
Q

what blood supply supplies the hindgut and what nerves innervate the hindgut?

A

Blood Supply - inferior mesenteric artery
Venous Drainage - Inferior mesenteric vein
Innvervation - Pelivic nerves, inferior mesenteric plexus

28
Q

What is the Duodenum?

A

D1 - Superior part: from pylorus to the neck of the gallbladder
D2 - Descending part: just to the right of the midline and contains the major and mino dudenal papilla
D3 - inferior part: crosses the IVC and aorta and the vertebral column
D4 - ascending part: passes upwards to the left of the aorta terminating at the duodenojejunal flexure

29
Q

How does the duodenum get its blood supply?

A

Coeliac trunk - common hepatic artery

superior mesenteric artery

30
Q

How does the stomach get its blood supply

A

Coeliac trunk - Splenic artery

Common hepatic artery

31
Q

What is the anatomy of the liver surface?

A

Inferior to the diaphragm
covered by lower ribs and costal cartilages
gallblader - tip of the 9th costal cartilage in the midclavicular line

32
Q

How does the liver get its blood supply?

A

Hepatic portal vein (70%)

Hepatic artery proper (30%)

33
Q

What is the histology of the liver>

A

Hepatocytes arranged into lobules
blood vessels and bile ducts at the corners of the lobules
bile carrier from hepatocytes in canaliculi to bile ducts which merge and enlarge into the hepatic ducts

34
Q

What is the anatomy of the gallbladder?

A

Lies in the gallbladder fossa on the visceral surface of the liver
Pear shaped sac
stores bile produced by the liver, concentrates it and then releases it into the duodenum in response to the presence of fatty foods

35
Q

What are the pancreatic ducts?

A

The exocrine pancreas secretes the alkaline fluid in response to the release of secretom.
Main pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct

36
Q

What is the histology of the pancreas?

A 
Endocrine - Islets: 
Alpha cells - glucagon
beta cells - insulin
delta cells - somatostatin
PP cells - pancreatic polypeptide

Exocrine - Acini:
Acinar cells produce and store enzymes in an inactive form in secretory granules

37
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

The part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum

38
Q

What is the Ileum?

A

The 3rd portion of the small intestine between the jejunum and the caecum

39
Q

What is the histology of the small intestine?

A

SUbmucosal folds - plicae cirulares
Mucosal Outgrowths - vili
Goblet cells - mucous producing

40
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

Storage and expulsion of undigested material

41
Q

What is the anatomy of the large intestine?

A 
Caecum
Ascending colon 
hepatic flexure
transverse colon
splenic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
42
Q

What are some features of the large intestine?

A

Fat filled peritoneal tages - appendicies epiploe on external surface
Outer longitudinal muscle
Taeniae

43
Q

What artery supplies the large intestine?

A

Inferioir mesenteric artery

44
Q

What is the histology of the large intestine?

A

Tubular intestinal glands
colonocytes - simple columnar epithelium
Goblet cells

45
Q

Where is the rectum?

A

The final section of the large intestine terminating at the anus, composed of three lateral curves and the lower part widens into the rectal ampulla

46
Q

Where is the Anal Canal?

A 
Rectal ampulla to the anus
Contains internal (smooth muscle) and external (skeletal muscle) anal sphincters
47
Q

What is the histology of the rectum and anal canal?

A

Simple columanr glandular epithelium of rectum which changes to stratified squamous epithelium in the anal canal

48
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and overing the abdominal organs.
Parietal peritoneum - lines abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum - covers organs

49
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

A potentialspace between the parietal and visceral peritoneums

50
Q

What is the structure of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Lesser and greater sac

51
Q

What are Omenta?

A

A fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with the other abdominal organs.
This can seal off and localise infections

53
Q

What are Mesenteries and what do they do?

A

A fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.
It carries blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

53
Q

What do the peritoneal ligaments do?

A

Connect organs to each other and the body wall

Digestive and Renal Sciences (26 decks)

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