Topics I Need To Study More For AAMC Material Flashcards
Which historical factor is the cause for the projected increase in population of those aged 65 and older in the United States?
Be sure to know this. Specifically, know that what was presented in the passage would contrafict the health gradient.?
Define attitude! Does it have a cognitive component?
In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful influence over behavior. While attitudes are enduring, they can also change.
Define groupthink!
Groupthink, mode of thinking in which individual members of small cohesive groups tend to accept a viewpoint or conclusion that represents a perceived group consensus, whether or not the group members believe it to be valid, correct, or optimal. Groupthink reduces the efficiency of collective problem solving within such groups.
What are some ways in which you can prevent groupthink?
In Psychology, what is interference?
Interference is an explanation for forgetting in long term memory, which states that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt one another, in other words forgetting occurs because of interference from other memories (Baddeley, 1999).
What is Emotional Intelligence?
Emotional intelligence (EI), emotional leadership (EL), emotional quotient (EQ) and emotional intelligence quotient (EIQ), is the capability of individuals to recognize their own emotions and those of others, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, and manage and/or adjust emotions to adapt to environments or achieve one’s goal(s).[1][2]
What is the difference between appropriate vs ethical?
Appropriate means does it study what it intends to study, and ethical means is it within the realm of morals?
Why is it better to separate the complexes in the electron transport chain to test how a toxin interferes with each ETC complex?
Explain to me why two parents heterozygous for different versions of alleles that cause the same ailement can not have a homozygous offspring for ONE of the alles that cause the ailment! Parent 1: NG NB & Parent 2: NGND .
What mediates endocytosis?
What happens when you insert a nucleotide into an open reading frame? How will it be different from the original?
Under anaerobic conditions, how many molecules of ATP are produced by the consumption of 5 moles of glucose? Make sure you do the math properly!
Where do microtubules extend from and originate from?
A homodimeric protein was found to migrate through SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with a mobility that matched that of a 45-kDa standard. What change in the experiment would increase the chances of observing the mobility expected for the 22.5-kDa monomer?
Inhibition of phosphofructokinase-1 by ATP is an example of:
- allosteric regulation.
- feedback inhibition.
- competitive inhibition.
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only
Solution: The correct answer is C.
This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category “Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids.” The answer to this question is C because ATP, the end product of glycolysis, downregulates through feedback inhibition the activity of phosphofructokinase-1 by binding to a regulatory site other than the active site of the enzyme (allosteric regulation). In contrast, competitive inhibition involves competition for binding to the active site. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you need to reason about how the product of glycolysis (ATP) inhibits a regulatory enzyme of glycolysis (phosphofructokinase-1).
What is the energy of a photon equation?
Photon wavelength: 0.340 um or 340 nm. Photon energy: 3.6425eV
A photon is characterized by either a wavelength, denoted by λ or equivalently an energy, denoted by E. There is an inverse relationship between the energy of a photon (E) and the wavelength of the light (λ) given by the equation:
E=hc/λ
E=hc/λ
where h is Planck’s constant and c is the speed of light. The value of these and other commonly used constants are given in the constants page.
h = 6.626 × 10 -34 joule·s
c = 2.998 × 108 m/s
By multiplying to get a single expression, hc = 1.99 × 10-25 joules-m
The above inverse relationship means that light consisting of high energy photons (such as “blue” light) has a short wavelength. Light consisting of low energy photons (such as “red” light) has a long wavelength.
When dealing with “particles” such as photons or electrons, a commonly used unit of energy is the electron-volt (eV) rather than the joule (J). An electron volt is the energy required to raise an electron through 1 volt, thus a photon with an energy of 1 eV = 1.602 × 10-19 J.
Which phosphate molecule gets transferred in a kinase transfer reaction?
What indicates a cooperative process in protein folding?
What is a coordinate covalent bond?
What is a molecule’s coordination number?
What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation? When should you use the henderson-hasselbach equation? You should be able to write it out completely!
What is the power equation?
By definition, one watt is equal to one joule of work done per second. So if PPPrepresents power in watts, \Delta EΔEdelta, E is the change in energy (number of joules) and \Delta tΔtdelta, t is the time taken in seconds then:
P = \frac{\Delta E}{\Delta t}P=ΔtΔEP, equals, start fraction, delta, E, divided by, delta, t, end fraction
There is also another unit of power which is still widely used: the horsepower. This is usually given the symbol hp and has its origins in the 17th century where it referred to the power of a typical horse when being used to turn a capstan. Since then, a metric horsepower has been defined as the power required to lift a 75~\text{kg}75 kg75, space, k, g mass through a distance of 1 meter in 1 second. So how much power is this in watts?
What is the equation for Kcat?
Absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules always results in what process?
What causes duplex DNA with a certain (A + T):(G + C) ratio to melt at a higher temperature than comparable length duplex DNA with a greater (A + T):(G + C) ratio? Is there a difference in pi bond bond stacking between the two?
What is the work equation in stretching or compressing a rubber band or spring?
What is a proximal stimulus versus a distal stimulus?
Distal stimulus is the actual object, such as a picture, or tree, person, etc
Proximal stimulus is what the distal stimulus is giving that you can sense–light stimuli, auditory stimuli, etc. it’s the component that must be sensed by your sensory receptors.
Which observation disconfirms the theory that the hunger drive is based on a person’s interpretation of stomach contractions, while satiety is based on stomach distension?
A. Stomach contractions do not correlate with the experience of hunger.
B. Stomach distension does not correlate with satiety.
C. Rats without stomachs cannot learn mazes when rewarded with food.
D. People whose stomachs have been removed still experience hunger.
In operant conditioning studies, the subject’s motivational state is most typically operationally defined by:
A. observing the subject’s behavior over a long period of time.
B. using a type of reinforcement that the experimenter knows the subject usually likes.
C. depriving the subject of some desirable stimulus item for a period of time.
D. using a novel stimulus that the subject is sure to like.
What is the difference between semantic memory and episodic memory?
Declarative memory is of two types: semantic and episodic. Semantic Memory is recall of general facts, while Episodic Memory is recall of personal facts. Remembering the capital of France and the rules for playing football uses semantic memory. Remembering what happened in the last game of the World Series uses episodic memory.
Define sensitive period!
Please explain incentive theory!
What is the difference between cultural capital and social capital?
Social Capital: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
- § Social Networks provide a valuable resource. Social capital is believed to result in various health benefits for the individual, including reductions in the health risk of chronic inflammation. Partly related to social support, social capital emphasize the tangible resources provided by network members (whereas social support tends to focus on emotional resources). Both social support and social capital suggest that social contracts will be beneficial to individual health and well-being. Social Network -àHealth
Cultural Capital — The term cultural capital referes to non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Examples can include education, intellect, style of speech, dress, or physical apprearance. Refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.
Describe symbolic interationism to me!
What is an fMRI? What is a PET scan?
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that helps reveal how your tissues and organs are functioning. A PET scan uses a radioactive drug (tracer) to show this activity. This scan can sometimes detect disease before it shows up on other imaging tests.
How can once make conculusion based on scientific finding?
What is notable about stage 2 of sleep?
N2 (Stage 2) – deeper stage of sleep. People in N2 are harder to awaken. We see more theta waves, as well as sleep spindles and K-complexes.
- § Sleep spindles are a burst of rapid brain activity. Some researchers think that sleep spindles help inhibit certain perceptions so we maintain a tranquil state during sleep. Sleep spindles in some parts of brain associated with ability to sleep through loud noises.
- § K-complexes - supress cortical arousal and keep you asleep. Also help sleep-based memory consolidation (some memories are transferred to long term memory during sleep, particularly declarative/explicit memories). Even though they occur naturally, you can also make them occur by gently touching someone sleeping. “that touch was not threatening, stay asleep brain”
What is the function of the nucleus accumbens?
What is the evolutionary approach for motivation?
Evolutionary Approach– role instincts play in motivation. What do humans do to survive? What is not-learned and just instinct.
- § Ex. Think about baby, cries, sleep, eat. Basic instincts that all humans have.
Explain stranger anxiety! When does stranger anxiety occur?
Explain to me place theory!
Place Theory is a theory of hear which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane. By this theory, the pitch of a musical tone is determined by the places where the membrane vibrates, based on frequencies corresponding to the tonotopic organization of the primary auditory neurons. Place theory posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane.
What is a negative symptom?
These “negative” symptoms are so called because they are an absence as much as a presence: inexpressive faces, blank looks, monotone and monosyllabic speech, few gestures, seeming lack of interest in the world and other people, inability to feel pleasure or act spontaneously. In psychiatric terminology: blunted or flat affect (emotional inexpressiveness and apparent unresponsiveness); alogia (poverty of speech); asociality (apparent lack of desire for the company of others); anhedonia (apparent inability to show or feel pleasure); and avolition (lack of will, spontaneity, and initiative). About 25% of patients with schizophrenia have a condition called the deficit syndrome, defined by severe and persistent negative symptoms.
What is a neuroleptic?
A Neuroleptic is a drug tending to reduce nervous tension by depressing nerve functions.
What is negative priming?
Negative priming is a slow down in response speed and an increase in error rate when responding to an object that had to be ignored previously (Tipper, 1985). In a review paper by Mayr & Buchner, (2007), it is argued that this phenomenon is not just related to the topic “attention”, but also to “memory”.
The negative priming webpage on ScholarPedia is curated by Professor Tipper, who named the phenomenon in his 1985 paper.
Probably the first ever negative priming study was by Dalrymple-Alford and colleagues (1966), although they did not call it “negative priming” back then. It was Steven Tipper (1985) who gave the phenomenon its name. In his study (Tipper, 1985, Experiment 1), participants were found to name objects more slowly when they had to ignore the same objects just before.
What is the difference between a dependent stressor and an independent stressor?
What do people do when they are in a state of dissonance while working for another individual that caused the dissonance?
What are adaptive coping mechanisms?
Explain the difference between Mead’s “I” and the “Me”!
Believe this last stage led to development of the “I” and “me”.
- § Me = what we learn through interactions with others. How individual believes the generalized other perceives us, the social self, and learned through interactions with others. Socialized and conforming aspect of self. Way to remember: The “Me”, The conforming, socialized person, who tries to not do any dick moves. “Societies View” Ex: me thinks about people go from high school to college in US
- I = the response of the individual to the “me”. I thinks about what those things mean. aka attitudes of others. The spontaneous, less socialized component of the Self. Way to remember: The “I”, the nonconforming, the non- socialized person, the one who make dick moves all the time. “individual identity (personal response to what society thinks”) Ex.I=isitbestformetogotocollegefromHS,orworkfirstor travel for a few years.
