General Chemistry — C/P Flashcards
The acids for which Ka > 1–the strong acids– are so few that you should memorize them:
- __________ _____: HI
- ____________ _____: HBr
- ____________ _____: HCl
- ___________ _____: HClO4
- __________ _____: H2SO4
- _______ _____: HNO3
The acids for which Ka > 1–the strong acids– are so few that you should memorize them:
- Hydroiodic Acid: HI
- Hydrobromic Acid: HBr
- Hydrochloric Acid: HCl
- Perchloric Acid: HClO4
- Sulfuric Acid: H2SO4
- Nitric Acid: HNO3
Whenever a substance can act as either an acid or a base, we say it is ___________.
Whenever a substance can act as either an acid or a base, we say it is amphoteric.
pH= ___________
pH = - log[H+]
pKa + pKb = ___
pKa + pKb = 14
In a galvanic cell, the _______ or electrode gets oxidized, and the electrons its atoms lose travel along the wire to a second metal electrode (labelled the _________).
In a galvanic cell, the anode or electrode gets oxidized, and the electrons its atoms lose travel along the wire to a second metal electrode (labelled the cathode).
The anode is ALWAYS the site of oxidation and the cathode is ALWAYS the site of reduction.
What is the equation to convert the free energy change at stansard state for a redox reaction in which cell voltage is Eo ?
ΔGº = -n F Eº.
n = number of moles of electrons transferred.
Faraday 96,500 coulombs
E = potential (voltage) [positive voltage means spontaneous]
In physics and chemistry, __________ ________ (American English spelling) or __________ ________ (British English spelling), denoted Ei, is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron, of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule. It is quantitatively expressed as
X + energy → X+ + e−
In physics and chemistry, ionization energy (American English spelling) or ionisation energy (British English spelling), denoted Ei, is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron, of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule. It is quantitatively expressed as
X + energy → X+ + e−
Reduction potentials _____ ______ change based on moles.
Reduction potentials do not change based on moles.
What is the equation that describes how deviations in temperature and concentration of reactants can alter the voltage of a reaction under nonstandard conditions?
E = Eº – (RT/nF)*ln(Q)
Where is the equivalence point and the half equivalence point?
Unlike a ___________ _____, an ___________ _____ uses an external voltage source (such as a battery to create an electric current that forces a nonspontaneous redox reaction to occur.
Unlike a galvanic cell, an electrolytic cell uses an external voltage source (such as a battery to create an electric current that forces a nonspontaneous redox reaction to occur.
Explain what an alpha particle is and when does it occur!
When a large nucleus wants to become more stable by reducing the number of protons and neutrons, it emits an alpha particle. An alpha particle, denoted 42a, consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
Explain Beta Decay or ß- decay!
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (fast energetic electron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus.
Explain ß+ decay!
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (fast energetic POSITRON) is emitted from an atomic nucleus.
Explain electron capture!
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shell. This process thereby changes a nuclear proton to a neutron and simultaneously causes the emission of an electron neutrino. Neutrino information does not matter!
Explain gamma decay!
In gamma decay, depicted in Fig. 3-6, a nucleus changes from a higher energy state to a lower energy state through the emission of electromagnetic radiation (photons). The number of protons (and neutrons) in the nucleus does not change in this process, so the parent and daughter atoms are the same chemical element. In the gamma decay of a nucleus, the emitted photon and recoiling nucleus each have a well-defined energy after the decay. The characteristic energy is divided between only two particles.
In a few instances, atoms can achieve a lower energy state (or a higher degree of stability) by having a _______ or _____-_______, ___ subshell.
In a few instances, atoms can achieve a lower energy state (or a higher degree of stability) by having a filled or half-filled, d subshell.
____________ having the same numbers of electrons or the same electronic structure.
Isoelectronic having the same numbers of electrons or the same electronic structure.
What is Zeff nuclear charge? How do you calculate it?
How do you calculate formal charge? Give me an example and a formula!
Explain Bond Disociation Energy! Is Bond Dissociation energy associated with homolytic bond cleavage? What is homolytic bond cleavage? What is heterolytic bond cleavage? Give an example of each type of cleavage!
What is a coordinate covalent bond? What happens to a specie’s electrons?
What is the one rule to Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory?
Also note that double and triple bonds count only as one electron group, even though they involve two and three pairs of electrons, respectively.
What is the difference between the shape and orbital geometry of a molecule?
How do you determine the hybridization for most atoms in simple molecules?
Easily vaporized liquids—liquids with high vapor pressures—like diethyl ether are said to be _________.
Easily vaporized liquids—liquids with high vapor pressures—like diethyl ether are said to be volatile.
What is the definition of enthalpy? Talk about how enthlapy relates to bonds?
What is the difference between standard conditions and standard temperature and pressure?
Know this for the MCAT!
When a substance absorbs or realeases heat, what can happen?
When a substance absorbs or realeases heat, one of two things can happen: ether its temperature changes or it will undergo a phase change but not both at the same time.
What is the equation for heat add to something? What does each variable mean?
What is the conversion of cal to joules?
1 cal = 4.2 joules
What is the difference between a normal phase change diagram versus a water change diagram? Also, what is the nmeumonic for memorizing phase change diagram phases?
Suck Larry’s Gas
What are the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory?
What is the Van Der Waals Eqution, and what does each variable represent?
What causes a gas to act more ideally?
What is Dalton’s Law?
What is graham’s law of effusion?
