Topics - Cow, small ru Flashcards
- (A) Skin diseases of cattle
Alopecia :
Congenital (hypothricosis)
Acquired (defic, signs with systemic disease)
Allergic dermatitis (potato, post-vacc)
- Photodermatitis (pri, sec)
- Virus (FMD, Malignant catarrhal fever, BVD, Papilloma, Lumpy, bluetongue)
- Bacteria ( necrobacillus, tuberculosis, corneybact, actinobacillus, dermatitis nodosa)
- Fungal (Ringworm - trichopyton)
- Parasitic ( mange - sarcoptes)
- (A) Diseases of the lungs and upper airways in ruminants
- Malignant catarrhal fever (herpes)
- IBR - infectious rhinotrachitis (herpes)
- BVD (pestivirus)
- Mixed virus inf in calf (BVD, IBR)
- Horn inflammation - sinusitis
- Laryngeal paralysis
- Fog fever - acute bovine pulmonary emphysema
- Pneumonia intersitialis (chlamydia, mycoplasma)
- enzootic bronchopneumonia of calves; Virus - PI, adeno, BVD, paramyxo, IBR OR Bacteria - Pasturella, haemophilus, chlamydia, strepto, mycoplasma.
-Lungworm
-Chronic dry pleuritis
Bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep
- (B) Disease of the oral cavity and the oesophagus in ruminants
Stomatitis:
- Simple
- Ulcerative (mycotox)
- Necrotic (necrobacillus)
- purulent (actinobacillus)
- membranous (candidiasis)
- Papular (bovine papular stomatitis)
- Vesicular - FMD, soremouth
- Viruses - FMD, BVD, Parapox, BMC, IBR, VS
- Non-infectious (sharp plants, FB, irritants)
- Esophageal obstruction (FB)
- Compression, Rabies, Hoflund, Botulism, aujeszky’s, cns
- (A) Diseases of the intestines in ruminants
- Enteritis (inf + non-inf, acute - chronic)
-Infectious;
Viral - BVD, rota, adeno, corona
Bacterial - E.coli, salmonella, cl.perf D, M. paratuberculosis, camp
Parasitic - Eimeria, ctryptosporidium, toxocara - Paratuberculosis - Johne’s diseases -zoonotic
- Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis - Cecal dilatation and torsion - around calving - increased grain intak (high yielding cows)
- (B) Diagnostics and treatment of liver diseases in ruminants.
Diagnosis - blood, urine, ketone, biopsy, us
Diseases:
- Jaundice
- Heptatitis - non purulent
- Infectious necrotic hepatitis
- Fasciolosis
- Purulent hepatitis
- Hepatitis by fucobacterium
- Fatty liver
Treatment: -gluconeoplastic material - propylene glycol -glucocorticoids -glucose/dextrose -niacine (B3,nicotinic acid) -B12 -insulin other additives
- (A) Cardiologic and hemopoietic diseases in ruminants
Cardiac:
- Congenital :
1. Ventricular and atrial septal defect
2. tetralogy of fallot
3. PDA - Aquired:
1. Endocarditis
2. Myocardial diseases (idiopathic CMP, secondary)
3. Arrhytmias
4. Traumatic pericarditis (hardware disease)
Hemopoietic diseases:
- Blood loosing anemia
- Hemolytic anaemia
- Aplastic (hypoplastic) anemia
- Hemorrhagic diathesis
- Bovine neonatal pancytopenia
- Leukosis (lymphosarcoma) in cattle
- (B) Diseases of the kidney and the excretory system in ruminants
Non- purulent: (subclnical, underlying disease)
- acute nephrosis (intox)
- renal amyloidosis (chronic inflam)
- non-purulent nephritis (lepto, glomerulo, interstitial)
Purulent:
- Purulent nephritis (from blood)
- Contagious bovine pyelonephritis (coryne, 4-8y after calving,winter)
Urolithiasis
- struvite
- ca-oxalate
- (A) Neurological diseases in cattle
- Congenital (hydrocephallus, cerebellar hypoplasia, lysosomal storage disease)
- Viral (Rabies, aujes, loping ill, maligant, IBR)
- Prion (scrapie, bovine spongioform encephalopathy -mad)
- Bacterial ( myelitis/meningitis, thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, listeriosis, chlamydia encephalomyelitis)
- parasitic (coenurosis, oestrosis)
- metabolic (vit A def, low thiamine - cerebrocortical necrosis or bc of hydrogen sulphide, copper def)
- Toxins ( tetanus, botulism)
- (A) Biochemical disorders of the rumen
Diseases of the forestomach:
- Rumen overload and dilatation
- simple indigestion
- ruminal alkalosis
- ruminal acidosis
- ruminal tympany - bloat
- Free bas bloat (left)
- Frothy bloat (upper left and ventral)
- Antifoaming drugs
- (A) Metabolic diseases in ruminants
- Fatty liver (Acute/peracute after calving, subacute form during lactation, subacute chronic disorder)
- Bovine ketosis (acetonaemia)
- Parturient paresis (milk fever, hypocalcemia)
- Downer cow syndrome
- chronic ruminal acidosis
- (C) Deficiencies of certain antioxidants (beta carotene, vitamin E) in cattle.
- Vit A and beta carotene
- Vit E and selenium - white muscle disease
- (B) Rumenotomy in cattle
Indication: Rumenitis, FB, content removal.
- Restraint (standing, left flank)
- Presurgical (prox,distal lumbar paravertebral, local block or inverted L)
- Anesthesia
- Incision site and technique (caudoventral, cutting layers)
- Abdominal cavity manipulation (Gotze method or weingarths)
- Suturing rumen + abdominal wall (cushing + lembert, 3 layers)
- Post op (AB, Fluid, NSAIDs)
- (B) Hardware disease (traumatic reticuloperitonitis): incidence, etiology/cause,
predisposing factors and pathogenesis
- Motoric disorder of the forestomach.
- Incidence - less
- Cause - FB
- Predis - no selection
- Pathogen - metal in reticulum, penetration - narrow or wide , periotonitis
- (A)Hardware disease (traumatic reticuloperitonitis): clinical signs, local and/or systemic
consequences, diagnosis and treatment
- clinical signs: posture, movement/behaviour, sound/grunt, increased basic values, digestive signs.
- Chronic signs - production, hoflunds
- Pleuritis or pericarditis
- Diganosis: exam, pain, blood, lap,endoscope, centesis, us, xray.
- Treatment: Ab, diet, magnet, laparorumentomy, remove fb.
- (A) Hoflund syndrome
- Vagal indigestion
- Types:
1. Vagus lesions
2. correctly termed failure of omasal transport
3. secondary abomasal impaction
4. partial forestomach obstruction
Signs: Papple
Treat: surgery, remove object, nut, slaughter
- (B)Anatomy of the abomasum, diseases of the abomasum (list), abomasal displacement:
forms, incidence, etiology/causes and predisposing factors
- Way of food
- Abomasum - true stomach, glands - hl, ph 3,5, important for calves.
Diseases:
- Abomasal displacement (left sided LDA, Right sided RDA + torsion)
- Abomasal inflam and ulcer
- Abomasal obturation/obstruction
Causes:
-nut, genes, anatomy after calving, metabolic disorder (ketosis,ulcer, endometritis)
Predisp:
-Peripartum, herd management, negative energy, hypocal)
- (A) Pathogenesis of the abomasal displacement, general and local consequences of
abomasal displacement
inc grain dec fiber –> inc VFA –> hypomotility –> dilatation –> displacement
Other causes: genes, nut, metabolic disorder.
Cons: -Hypochloraemia -Hypokalemia -dehydration -paradox acidouria -RDA with torsion - ischaemia -gas production -other part rotate -metabolic alkadosis -
- (B) Clinical signs and diagnosis of the left sided abomasal displacement
Signs: anorex, dec milk, reduced feces, metal ping sound where sprung stomach 9-13th rib, splashing sound, pneumomediastinum, gas.
Diag:
-Rectal - feel gas-ping, secondary ketosis, splashing.
- (B) Clinical signs and diagnosis of the right sided abomasal displacement
signs:
- anorex, dec milk, basic values up reduced feces, dehyd, weak, pain, more severe than left, ping sound -10-13th rib, liver medial displacement.
Diag:
-Acute signs, exclude cecal dilatation, small intestine ileus, ping and splashing.
- Abomasitis, abomasal ulcer
Primary (stress,grass,fertilizer)
Secondary (displace, BVD, salm)
Type 1-5 - depth of ulcer
Signs: mild, severe
Treat: diet, mucoprot, h2 bloc, alkalizer, poor prog
- (C) Abomasal impaction and reflux syndrome
Impaction: Primary (much feed, less water) Secondary (motility disorder - non-dietary)
Treat- spasmolytic, lax, surgery
Reflux syndrome:
-Secondary, backflow to rumen, dilatation, dehydration - uremia, matabolic alkalosis - resp, distention - sour-smelling
- (A) Therapeutic approches of abomasal displacement
Much to consider - treat, herd, economic, predisp
treat:
No surgery - rolling
Sugery - invasive - laporotomy, non-invasive - blind or laparascopy.
- (c) Proximal lumbar paravertebral nerve block in cattle
For right, left flank laparotomy, c-section, ab displace.
T13,L1,L2
also skin, muscle, peritoneum
- (C)Distal lumbar paravertebral nerve block in cattle
L1,L2,L4
Advantage: easy marks, no m.longissimus dorsi
Disag- fatty animals more diff
25.(B) Inverted L paralumbar anesthesia, anesthesia of the distal limb via vascular (IV)
infusion, anesthesia of the horn (cornual nerve block) in cattle
Inverted L - caudal 13th rib, ventral transverse process
Distal limb IV - for surgery distal to fetlock, lat rec, dorsal metacarpal veins.
Cornual - cornuectomy, below crest of frontal bone, does not affect the skin.
- (B)Anaesthesia of the teat in cattle
Forms:
- Ring block of teat base
- Inverted V block over surgical area
- Teat cistern infusion
- Vascular (local) infusion
- (B)Epidural anaesthesia in cattle
ind - all surgeries psoterior to diaphragma (not Cs)
Low caudal epidural - C1-C2
High caudal epidural -S5-C1 - preffered - sacro-coccugeal
- Forms of general anaesthesia in cattle, commonly used drugs and drug combinations
Iv, inhal, loss of cons.
complications and consideration.
Drugs:
- Acepromazine - mild sed
- Diazepam/midazolam - sed and muscle relax
- Xylazine - potent sed and some analgesic effect.
- Detomidine - potent sed, more analgesic than xylazin.
- Ketamine - strong analgesic effect
- Butorphanol - analgesic
- (C) Approches, indications and contraindications of cattle abdominal surgery
Approaches:
- Laparotomy
- Laparoscopy
Left - rumen
Right - abo, pylorus, liver
Indications:
- Peritoneum
- CS
- Spleen, kidney
- Diaphragma
- Liver, gall
- Omentum
Contra:
-Weak general condition - recumbency
- (B) Anatomy and examination techniques of the genital tract of the cow
Ovary - rectal, us, doppler, lap, p4 measurement
Oviduct - rectal, us
Uterus- rectal, us, endoscopic, biopsy, bacto, cyto
Cervix - folds
Vagina - speculum, rectal
- (C)Ancillary diagnostics (bacteriology, citology, biopsy) in the diagnostics of the female
genital tract in cattle.
Bacto:
-Vulva
Biopsy:
-Through cervix
Cytology:
-Cytobrush, endometrial cells, pmn
- Pharmacological treatment of the reproductive cycle in cattle
- Prostaglandin (shortening luteal phase, oestrus sync)
- GnRH (flare up effect- ovulation)
- Gestagen (5,7 day protocol)
- (B) Pregnancy determination in cattle
- Rectal palp (amniotic sac palpation, fetal membrane slipping)
- US
- Preg protein measure (PAG)
- Progesteron measure
- (C)Clinical features of pregnancy proteins in cattle
Pregnancy associated glycoproteins.
- bPAG-1
- bPAG-2
- (B) Clinical management of cattle twin pregnancy
- Effects- environment, nut, climate, age
- Genes - mother
- Causes - milk prod, different preovulator FSH patters, due to increased metabolism increased blood flow through the liver.
Consequences: abortion, free martins, fetal mortality, dystocia, shorter preg, placental retention, reproduction down.
Advised interventions: increase exams, keep or not to keep.
- (B) Embryonic and fetal losses in cattle
Diagnosis: US, amnion detection.
Infectious:
-IBR, BVD, bluetongue, schmallenberg, leptospira, neospora caninum.
Non-inf:
-genes, NEB, Twin, BCS, heat stress, diseases, milk production and nut, monsters
Embryonic losses are 60% - day 42
Fetal loss until day 150 - less frequent
- (B) Dislocations of the pregnant uterus, labour activity and uterine inertia in cattle.
Stages of labour -1,2,3
displacement - normal >120
torsion - right - clockwise, broad ligament with rectal palp.
Abnormal labour pains - inertia primary failure to initiate labor, secondary failure to progress.
Primary uterine inertia - often abnormal postures and presentation of extrimities.
- (C) Enlargement of the soft birth canal in cattle. Instruments of obstetrical aid in cattle.
Methods improving obestetrics:
- lub
- reducing pain
- anesthesia
- bloody enlargemnet of the soft birth canal.
Incisio cervicis - failure to dilate - cut supf layer
Episiotomy - failure of vulva, vestibulum and vagina, cut both sides.
- (C) Enlargement of the soft birth canal in cattle. Instruments of obstetrical aid in cattle.
Methods improving obestetrics:
- lub
- reducing pain
- anesthesia
- bloody enlargemnet of the soft birth canal.
Incisio cervicis - failure to dilate - cut supf layer
Episiotomy - failure of vulva, vestibulum and vagina, cut both sides.
Instruments:
- Snare - loop type
- chain
- transaction bar
- wire loop
- snares when arm is too short
- hooks
- (C)Deviations of the head and clinical management in cattle.
4 options :
- lateral (left,right)
- downwards
- upward
- (C) Deviations of the forelimbs and clinical management in cattle.
- Inccomplete extention of the elbow
- shoulder flexion posture
- Foot-nape posture
- carpal flexion posture
- (C) Deviations of the hindlimbs and clinical management in cattle.
- Hock flexion posture
- Hip flexion posture
- One or two sided
- (C) Lubricants and labour pain management in cattle.
Methods improving obestetrics:
- lub (methylcellulose)
- reducing pain (uterin relaxants, clenbuterol, butylscopalamin)
- anesthesia (local,regional, sedation, general)
- bloody enlargement of the soft birth canal.
- Caesarean section in cows: indications, contraindications, surgical restraint, preparation
of abdominal wall
-
- Caesarean section in cows: indications, contraindications, surgical restraint, preparation
of abdominal wall
Indications: dystocia, research
contraindications: emphysematous fetus, uterus rupture
steps:
- restraint (left or righ paralumbar fossa approach - flank)
- presurgical procedure
- cleaning
- Caesarean section in cows: anaesthesia of the abdominal wall, incision, abdominal
manipulation , closure of the abdominal wall
- ana - prox lumbar paravertbral
- where to cut
- suture
- Fetotomy: conditions, equipment, preparation, and steps of the most often used
techniques in cows
Equipment:
- fetatome
- saw wire
- snares
- chain handles + chain
- eye hooks
- double hooks
- knife
- lubrication
- epidural
Anterior 3 methods:
Benesch:
-forlegs at carpal, head and neck, thorax to the spinal column, horizontal cut , thorax, abd slices, pelvic bone.
Gotze:
-forlegs at carpal, head and neck, thorax to the spinal column, vertical cut , thorax, abd slices, pelvic bone.
Bailer-schaetz:
-one foreleg + head and neck, other foreleg + one part of thorax, thorax and abd slices, pelvic bone btw hindlegs.
Posterior:
1 method:
- hindleg in the tarsal joint, cranial to pelvic inlet, vertical cut, abd thorax slices, cut neck and one fot.
- method
- hindleg in the tarsal joint, cut pelvic bone, abd thorax slices, cut neck and one fot.
Baier-schaetz:
-one hindleg, other with pelvis, thorax and abdomen, one leg with thorax, other leg with head.
- Pathophysiology, classification and treatment of vaginal prolapse in cows
Last trimester, Estrogen and relaxin.
Classification 1-4:
1-intermittenet, visible when lying
2- with irritantion, continues prolapse, urinary probelms, easy to replace.
3- more irritant, cervix and entire vagina,local edema, compressed vessels, if seal is disturbed - abortion, sepsis, c-section.
4- prolonged prolapse, infection, trauma, necrosis, irreplacable- euth.
Operation:
- Flessa method - pins.
- Buhner - needle and AB soaked tape
- Lacing of vulva with mattress sutures
- Pathophysiology, clinical aspects and treatment of uterine prolapse in cows
- Uterine prolapse - 12-24h after calving - acute.
- Due to dystocia, prolonged straining, hypocal, uterine inertia.
- Clean towel, epidural, cold water, hydroscopic powder, sternal recumbency, tear = repair.
- Push gently back, start with parts closest to vagina. pump with water.
- The management of retained fetal membranes in cattle.
Retention - RFM: max 24h
- increases risk of metritis, delayed involution.
Treat:
- Traditional - manual removal - carefully , tablet, oxytocin.
- Modern- cutting of membrane, oxytocin, ab, nsaids.
cons:
-dec milk, UTI, metritis, bed repoduction, metabolic disorder.
Causes - multifactorial_
- Lack of uterine contractions
- detachment diroder due to placental edema
- mechanical causes - invagination of horn
- Phases, processes and influencing factors of involution in cattle
Stages early:
- Early: calving until GnRH sensitivity, first dominant follivle 10-14 days.
- Middle: until first ovulation day 21
- finishing: re-epithelisaion of the caruncles day 24
Four processes:
- Uterine invultion
- regen of endomertrium
- return to cycling (p4 has been high, no ovulation)
- elimination bacteria
52.Bacterial complications of involution in cattle (cause, symptoms, diagnostics,
treatment)
Before day 21: puerperal metritis
After day 21: clinical endometritis, subclinical endometritis, pyometra.
Puerperal metritis:
-acute, putrit infam of all utrine layers, day 4-10 after birth, e.coli, fuso, trueperella, risk dystocia, twins, neb, hypocal.
-Reddish-brown, watery, smelly, fluid in lumen, decrease milk yield, fever tachy.
-diag: autodetection, signs.
Treat: fluid, nsaids, ab
Clinical endometritis:
- inflam od endometrium- trueperella
- bc neb, puerperal metritis, p4 immunosup, yellow white pus, big uterus, vaginoscope, sample with hand, ab.
Subclinical endomeritis:
- inflam of endometrium - no signs!
- fertility down , cytobrush, herd level probelm, culling.
Pyometra:
- after day 21, inflam of endomertium with closed cervix, trueperella pyogenes, production of PGF2a decrease , not enough to induce luteolysis.
- rectal exam, large horns.
- give pgf2a and wait 3 days.
- Fetal monsters in cattle
Cause: genes, placenta defects, external.
Types: single, double
will cause: dystocia, no life.
single: Hydrocephalus hydrothroax hypoplasia ankylosis ansacra
double:
- Dicephalus
- thoracopagus
- cranophagus
- The most important elements of calf care in the perinatal period
what to do with them:
-treatment, feeding, tagging, dehorning, exmination, samples.
Exam of new born:
breath, edema, hypoxia, congenital defects,
- thermoreg
- navel - tying, disinfect, hernia
- colostrum ways of feeding: natural sucking, bucket, nipple bottle, esophageal feeder.
- Examination, drug administration and sample collection in calves
exam:
-Condition, visual, parameters, congenital.
Sample:
- blood - jug
- faeces - parasit
- hair,skin - bvd screening
- urine- rare
- skin scraping
- Us, x-ray
drug admin:
-per os, sc, im, iv
- The importance of automatic systems in the diagnostics of diseases in cattle
- Early diagnosis: coli mastitis, metritis, ketosis, LDA, lame.
- RT, activity, ph, heart rate
- Collar, ear-tag, reticulorumina bolus, halter, tail, leg.
- The importance of automatic systems in the prediction of calving in cattle
Calving prediction:
- classical - date of AI
- modern tech - camera, sensors
systems:
RT, reticuloruminal temp, ph, activity
- Causes of lameness in small ruminants (symptoms, characteristics, treatment)
Diseases:
- ID hyperplasia (bening, but grow -mal)
- Toe granuloma (strwberry growth)
- ID dermatitis (fusobacterium)
- White line abscess (defect of line, pus, lame, ab))
- Septal pedal arthritis (spread of ID)
- Infectious polyarthritis (strept, erysi, spread trough body)
- Septal pedal arthritis (degerention, following trauma)
- Osterarthritis
Causes:
- Laminitis
- Trace mineral def
- soil between claws
- no hoof trimming
- Mastitis diagnosis and treatment in cattle
- Route of inf: teat canal , mechanical skin, blood, lymph.
- Economic: direct and indirect costs.
- Classification: peracute, acute, subacute, chronic, subclinical.
Diagnosis: dark background, clinical signs, observe gland.
Subclinical: SSC above 250k mastitis!!
lactose decrease , acute phase proteins, electrical conductivity increase.
-California, microscopic,
Therapy:
- AB - based on sen, never longer than 7 days.
- Caesarean section in small ruminants
Cause: large fetus, incomplete cervical dilation, vaginal prolapse
Left flank (paralumbar) last rib, wing of ilium
Distal paravertebral nerve block
Sacrococcygeal or lumbosacral
Think wall!!
similar to cow
- Small ruminant medicine: prolapse of the uterus and vagina
uterine prolapse:
- right after lambing - 12-24h
- epidural, repositioning, ab, nsaids
Vaginal prolapse:
- rare, last months of gestation, bladder and uterus can also come out.
- can cause abortion, toxaemia
- check viability of fetus, c-section
- suture
- Mastitis in small ruminants
Classified by course of mastitis not pathogen.
- major disease
- acute - ewe-toxaemia
- chronic cases - long live consequence, culling
diagnosis:
-visiual, palp, heat, pain, swelling, somatic cell count, california, US.
Gangrenous mastitis:
- first 8 weeks of lactation.
- Mannheima, staph.
- poor nut, condition, suddenly, separate from flock, lame, less milk, toxaemia.
Acute:
- milk loss, spradic in grazing.
- strepto, staph, e.coli.
Chronic:
-culling
Contagious agalactia.
- Small ruminant medicine: incomplete cervical dilation, uterine torsion, uterine inertia
Incomplete cervical dilation:
3h pass- no fetus, previous trauma, humans.
Torsion:
-during cs, external or internal
inertia- uncommon.
- Non-infectious hoof diseases in cattle
- Laminitis (acute, subclinical, chronic)
- sole ulcer - pododerm
- white line disease
- toe necrosis
- heel erosion
- morphological defects
- hard/soft feet
- Treatment of arthritis and traumatic injuries of the hoof in cattle
Septic arthritis of DIP joint:
-sec to trauma, local syst ab, joint lavage, dip athrotomy - cleaning, surgery - claw amputation
Septic arthritis of DIP:
-Arthoromy- lavage, resection of PIP, amputation of digit.
Other: FB, sole trauma, luxation, degenerative diseases.
Surgical interventions:
Claw amputation
Resection of DIP joint , solar approach, bulbar approach, abaxial approach.
Arthodesis
