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Pharmaceutics II Exam 2 > Topical preparations - ointments & creams > Flashcards

Topical preparations - ointments & creams Flashcards

1
Q

define ointments

A

semisolid preparations intended for EXTERNAL application

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2
Q

true or false

ointments are liquid preparations

A

false - semisolids

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3
Q

name the types of ointments

A

-medicated ointments
-nonmedicated ointments

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4
Q

further classify medicated ointments

A

dermatological ointments
ophthalmic ointments

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5
Q

further classify non medicated ointments

A

-vehicles for medicated ointments
-used for emollient and lubricant effects

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6
Q

name all of the classes of ointment bases

A

-oleaginous bases
-absorption bases
-water-removable bases
-water-soluble bases

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7
Q

true or false

minimal grittiness feeling is okay when applying ointments

A

FALSE - no grittiness should be felt

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8
Q

oleaginous bases can also be known as…

A

hydrocarbon bases

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9
Q

true or false

hydrocarbon bases are water free preparations

A

true

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10
Q

what are hydrocarbon bases mainly used for?

A

emollient (moisturizing/soothing) effect (vaseline)

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11
Q

true or false

hydrocarbon bases do not tend to stay on the skin for long periods

A

false - they do

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12
Q

how do hydrocarbon bases have an emmolient effect?

A

they do not permit the escape of moisture from the skin

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13
Q

true or false

oleaginous bases are difficult to wash off

A

TRUE

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14
Q

give 5 examples of oleaginous bases *

A

petrolatum, usp (vaseline)
white petrolatum, usp
yellow ointment, usp (simple ointment)
white ointment, usp
mineral oil (liquid petrolatum)

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15
Q

simple ointment is also known as

A

Yellow Ointment, USP (oleaginous base)

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16
Q

yellow wax/petrolatum is also known as…

A

Yellow Ointment, USP/simple ointment
(oleaginous base)

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17
Q

what is liquid petrolatum

A

mineral oil (oleaginous base)

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18
Q

what is Vaseline

A

Petrolatum, USP (oleaginous base)

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19
Q

name the types of absorption bases and differentiate them

A

anhydrous absorption base and W/O emulsion base

anhydrous absorption bases contain NO WATER but can absorb added water to become W/O EMULSION BASE

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20
Q

_______ results in a W/O emulsion when it permits the incorporation of aqueous solution

A

anhydrous absorption bases
(hydrophilic bases)

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21
Q

give 6 examples of anhydrous absorption bases

A

hydrophilic petrolatum
anhydrous lanolin, USP
refined wool fat (lanolin)
modified lanolin, USP
aquabase
aquaphor

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22
Q

what is lanolin

A

wool fat

refined wool fat = anhydrous absorption base

hydrous wool fat = W/O emulsion (absorption base)

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23
Q

name the components of Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP *

A

cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white wax, and white petrolatum (a hydrocarbon base!)

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24
Q

true or false

W/O emulsion bases permit the incorporation of small, additional quantities of aqueous solutions

A

true

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25
Q

give 5 examples of W/O emulsion bases

A

-Rose Water Ointment, USP
-Hydrous Wool Fat (Lanolin, USP)
-Eucerin
-Cold Cream
-Hydrocream

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26
Q

true or false

W/O emulsions are absorption bases that do not have emulsifying agent

A

false - does have emulsifying agent

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27
Q

white petrolatum is what kind of base

A

oleaginous/hydrocarbon

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28
Q

aquaphor is what kind of base

A

anhydrous absorption base

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29
Q

hydrophilic ointment is what kind of base

A

oil in water emulsion (water removable)

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30
Q

eucerin is what kind of ointment base

A

water in oil emulsion base

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31
Q

which ointment base contains preservatives and why?

A

O/W (water removable) bc it contains a lot of free water

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32
Q

explain the use of water removable bases (O/W emulsion base)

A

they can absorb serous discharges in dermatological conditions

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33
Q

give examples of water removable bases

A

Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

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34
Q

give the components of Hydrophilic Ointment, USP and explain which components are oil soluble

A

Stearyl alcohol and white petrolatum (oleaginous base)- oil soluble

water soluble = propylene glycol, SLS (emulsifying agent), methylparaben propylparaben, water

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35
Q

true or false

water-removable bases contain an emulsifying agent

A

TRUE

SLS in the case of Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

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36
Q

explain the components of water soluble bases

A

contains ONLY WATER SOLUBLE COMPONENTS, but NO WATER

NO oleaginous material is included

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37
Q

give examples of water soluble bases

A

polyethylene glycol ointment
PEG 400 - 60% (LIQUID)
PEG 3350 - 40% (SOLID)

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38
Q

PEG of greater than what MW is solid?

A

greater than 1000 = solid
lower than 1000 = liquid

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39
Q

what is a potential issue for water removable bases?

A

it may be hard to maintain the viscosity of the base if too much water is added. absorption base is thus usually preferred

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40
Q

___g aquaphor: ___g water

A

1:1

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41
Q

what is carbowax

A

polyethylene glycol
–water soluble ointment base

want to find 1 PEG that is solid and 1 PEG that is liquid and mix them to give the desired consistency

42
Q

carbowax is made through what method?

A

fusion method. highest MP melted first

43
Q

what are 7 things to consider to select the appropriate ointment base?

A

-the desired release rate of the drug from the base

-if you want topical or percutaneous absorption

-if you want occlusion of moisture from the skin

-the stability of the drug in the base

-the effect of the drug on the consistency (or other features) of the base

-if you want a base that is easily removed by water

-the characteristics of the surface to which it’s applied

44
Q

true or false

if a drug is hydrophobic, a hydrocarbon/oleaginous base should NOT be used

A

TRUE

the drug will dissolve and won’t get released from the base to have a therapeutic effect

45
Q

for which ointment base is its occlusion properties the best?

A

hydrocarbon

46
Q

true or false

if the drug interacts with the emulsifying agent in O/W base or W/O base, the ointment is not stable

A

TRUE

47
Q

ointments usually have a ___ loading dose of drug

what does this mean?

A

low

don’t choose a drug that is soluble in the base bc there will be no release

48
Q

define an ointment base

A

the semi solid vehicle into which drug substances may be incorporated in preparing medicated ointments

49
Q

when preparing ointments, what is the limit on the %w/w drug?

A

10% or less

50
Q

what is something to consider when determining the quantities needed to prepare an ointment base?

A

must consider how much will be lost during compounding

51
Q

name come compounding equipment for ointments

A

-ointment slabs or ointment pads
-spatulas

52
Q

which is preferred and why - ointment slabs or ointment pads?

A

slabs because they don’t move around as much

53
Q

name the types of spatulas that can be used in the preparation of ointments.

how do you select which one to use?

A

metal
soft rubber
hard rubber

metal is usually preferred because it provides a strong force to mix an ointment (which is viscous)

when a drug such as IODINE is incompatible with metal, a hard rubber spatula is used

the soft rubber spatula can aid in transferring the product from the mortar

54
Q

name a component of ointment that could be incompatible with a metal spatula

A

iodine

55
Q

what is the ideal drug form to choose when preparing an ointment?

A

choose the powder form of the drug with very small size.
do NOT use the crystalline form because it will be very difficult to reduce the particle size. use amorphous form.

56
Q

true or false

particle size of the drug is not very important in the preparation of ointments

A

FALSE - it is.
we cannot feel grittiness when applying the lotion

57
Q

what is added in the preparation of lotions to ensure there is no grittiness felt when applying on the skin?

A

a levigating agent.

58
Q

in what quantities should we use a levigating agent when preparing ointments?

A

the smallest amount possible.

the levigating agent is normally not included in the original prescription.

59
Q

true or false

documentation is not necessary when including a small amount of levigating agent in the preparation of ointments

A

FALSE - it is necessary

60
Q

if the levigating agent can’t sufficiently reduce the particle size in ointment preparation, what should you do?

A

for utech (idk how to spell it) mixture of camphor:menthol (crystalline) 1:1 ratio dissolved in alcohol and then removal of alcohol

this is PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION

61
Q

name 3 levigating agents and when they can/can’t be used

A

mineral oil
glycerin
propylene glycol

mineral oil should be used for bases in which oil is the external phase and the drug is WATER SOLUBLE

glycerin should be used for bases in which WATER is the external phase, but the drug is OIL SOLUBLE (same with PPG)

62
Q

define a levigating agent

A

a liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a drug powder by grinding together, usually in a mortar and using a pestle

63
Q

true or false

a levigating agent is always needed in preparing an ointment to sufficiently reduce the particle size

A

FALSE

the first choice is to use the base itself to reduce the particle size and no levigating agent.

however we must use levigating agent to reduce the particle size if necessary

64
Q

what are the methods of preparing ointments?

A

-incorporation method
-fusion method
-fusion/emulsification method

65
Q

explain the incorporation method of preparing ointments

A

-the components of the ointments are mixed together by various means (WITHOUT the aid of heat)

small scale =
mortar and pestle (no - spatula preferred and ointment slab)
geometric dilution
levigation of solid
incorporation of liquid
filling of ointment jar

large scale=
in manufacturing -
mechanical ointment roller mills

66
Q

true or false

a mortar and pestle is NOT the first choice in preparing ointments

A

true - spatula + ointment slab are preferred

67
Q

why is geometric dilution so necessary in the incorporation method

A

to ensure homogeneity

68
Q

explain the fusion method of preparing ointments

A

USES HEAT

all (or some) of the components are combined by being melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed (become semi solid upon cooling)

69
Q

name some ingredients that when incorporated must use fusion method

A

beeswax
paraffin
stearyl alcohol
PEG (high MW)

70
Q

true or false

glycerin and PEG should not be mixed together when preparing ointments

A

true

the PEG could melt

71
Q

true or false

glycerin can be used in a hydrocarbon base

A

FALSE

can use water removable

72
Q

true or false

when working with carbowax it must be prepared using fusion method

A

true - it is a solid

73
Q

true or false

mineral oil cannot be used as a levigating agent with white petrolatum

A

FALSE -it can. oleaginous base. levigating agent and external phase should be miscible

74
Q

explain the fusion/emulsification method of preparing ointments

A

an emulsion type ointment is prepared by a melting process and an emulsification process

oil and waxes are melted together in a steam bath 70-75 degrees celsius. an aqueous solution of the heat stable, water soluble components are heated also 70-75 degrees celsius

slowly, the aqueous solution is added to the melted oleaginous mixture with constant stirring

75
Q

in the fusion/emulsification method of preparing ointments, is the aqueous phase added to the oil phase or vice versa? why?

A

aqueous solution is slowly added to the melted oleaginous mixture with constant stirring.

if oil is added to the water, it will separate right away

76
Q

name 5 antimicrobial preservatives used in ointments

A

hydroxybenzoates
benzoic acid
benzalkonium chloride
phenol
sorbic acid

77
Q

how is microbial content considered when preparing ointments?

A

have to consider the microbial content that is able to include an infection of the skin

they are not however required to be sterile (like eye products)

78
Q

true or false

strict adherence to hygienic practices are required when preparing ointments

A

true

79
Q

true or false

there are no regulations on the amount of ointment contained in the container

A

false - there is a minimum fill requirement

80
Q

what are the packaging options for ointments?

A

-large mouth ointment jars
-metal or plastic tubes

81
Q

are there any regulations on uniformity when preparing ointments?

A

yes

within lot and lot to lot standards

82
Q

true or false

ophthalmic ointments must be sterile

A

true

83
Q

true or false

ophthalmic ointments must be pyrogen free

A

false – just must be sterile and free from microorganisms

84
Q

name an advantage of opthalmic ointments (over ophthalmic solutions) and a disadvantage

A

advantage - increased ocular contact time which means less frequent application

disadvantage - blurred vision bc tears won’t wash away the ointment

85
Q

which is the #1 choice for ophthalmic products - solutions or ointments

A

solutions

86
Q

explain the type of ointment base that is used in ophthalmic ointments

A

their melting or softening point should be close to the body temperature.

the typical ointment base is a hydrocarbon base - mix of petrolatum (vaseline) and liquid petrolatum (mineral oil)

87
Q

the typical ointment base for ophthalmic ointments is a hydrocarbon base - mic of petrolatum (vaseline) and liquid petrolatum (mineral oil)

what is an advantage of this base?

A

it does not contain free water and thus does not need a preservative. the ointment can be multidose

88
Q

what time of the day are ophthalmic ointments usually applied

A

at night and are diluted when you wake up

89
Q

true or false

all ointments in the market are for use on the skin

A

FALSE

there are also ophthalmic ointments

90
Q

define creams

A

viscous liquid or semisolid EMULSION of O/W or W/O type

91
Q

what are creams used as?

A

emollients or as medicated applications to the skin

92
Q

name 2 advantages of creams over ointments

A

they are easier to spread (viscosity not as high) and easier to remove

93
Q

name 2 creams available in the market

A

vanishing cream and cold cream

94
Q

explain what vanishing cream is

A

generally O/W emulsions that contain a large percentage of stearic acid and water
(contains emulsifying agent!)

95
Q

explain what cold cream is

A

a semisolid, white W/O emulsion.

consists of:
-cetylesters wax
-white wax
-mineral oil
-sodium borate
-purified water

the sodium borate and free fatty acids in the wax forms a SODIUM SOAP. enhances skin moisturization. penetrates into the dry skin to bring the water in

96
Q

true or false

both vanishing cream and cold cream contain an emuslifying agent

A

true

cold cream is W/O emulsion and vanishing cream is O/W emulsion

97
Q

which is more greasy - vanishing cream or cold cream?

A

cold cream bc it is W/O emulsion

98
Q

besides sodium borate + free fatty acids (cold cream), what else reacts to form a soap

A

olive oil + lime water in bottle/forbes method of preparing emulsions

99
Q

which has higher viscosity - creams or ointments?

A

ointments

100
Q
A

Pharmaceutics II Exam 2 (7 decks)

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