TOPIC8: ANIMAL FOOD APPLICATION

Question 1

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Answer 1

Animal biotechnology is a new technology that opened many doors in animal farm, medical, and research fields.

Animals can be used as “bioreactors” to produce important products

Used as source of medically valuable proteins such as antibodies- protective preoteins that recognise and help body cells destroy foreign materials

To achieve large scale production-create female transgenic animals that express therapeutic proteins in their milk

Question 2

Example of animal biotechnology

Answer 2

1) Transgenic animals

2) Animal cloning

Question 3

TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

Answer 3

Animals that contain genes (DNA) from another sources -created by recombinant DNA technology

• e.g Human gene from clotting proteins can be introduced into cow for the production of these proteins in their milk

Question 4

Transgenic cattle

Answer 4

•Dairy cows carrying extra copies of two types of casein genes produce 13% more milk protein

•Transgenic are genetically modified organisms with DNA from another source inserted into their genome

•A large number of transgenic animals have been created

• E.g., Mice, Cows, Pigs, and goat

Question 5

Giant mice

Answer 5

•The pioneering experiment of Palmiterand co-workers, made in 1983, the giant mice were obtained over-expressing rat GH gene fused to mMT promoter

Question 6

Transgenic salmon fish

Answer 6

•The transgenic fish were produced transferring Growth hormone (GH) gene

•The first transgenic animal to b ecommercialized

•Transgenic salmon can grow 3 times larger than wild type salmon

•Can grow up to 6 times faster than wild type fish

Question 7

History of GMO animals

Answer 7

1997
• Roslin Institute of Scotland had cloned the new famous sheep called Dolly
• Dolly, the first animal created by a cell nucleus transfer process

Year 2009
The agency granted approval for GMO chickens that can
make a drug in their eggs, and approval for salmon as the
first GMO animal for eating

Year 2015
The FDA approved GMO goats that produce a drug in
their milk for preventing blood clots

Year 2020
‘GalSafe’ pigs now join salmon as the only genetically
modified organisms approved for human consumption
in the United States. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of genetically engineered pigs in both food and medical products.

Question 8

AquaAdvantage Salmon

Answer 8

The FDA approved a new animal drug application in November 2015, concerning AquAdvantage Salmon, a
genetically engineered Atlantic salmon.

Question 9

‘GalSafe’ pigs

Answer 9

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved
the use of these pigs in the production of drugs, to provide organs and tissues for human transplant, and to produce meat for people with meat allergies.

Question 10

CLONING ANIMALS

Answer 10

• Defined as an individual or group of individuals that descend through asexual reproduction-from a single individual

• A clone is an exact copy of the original individual

• Cloning can be accomplished using nuclear transplant technique and therapeutic cloning

Question 11

Reproductive cloning

Answer 11

• Reproductive cloning usually employs a technique called somatic nuclear transfer (SCNT)

• In the process of SCNT, they treat the reconstructed egg with chemicals or electricity to stimulate cell division if the
egg divides normally and form a blastocyst

• It will transfer it into a surrogate mother to develop into a new identical clone animal

Question 12

Therapeutic cloning

Answer 12

• A major benefits of therapeutic cloning is that the cells removed are pluripotent (an immature cell or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types in the body with the exception of the embryo

• Cloning has the potential to dramatically reduce the wait times for organ plants as well as the immunological concerns associate organ transplant therapy

Question 13

Dolly

Answer 13

Dolly, the first mammal produced by nuclear transfer cloning

Dolly was created by cloning technologies that may result in promising new techniques for improving livestock and cloning commercially valuable animals

Unfortunately, Dolly developed early complications and was euthanised in February 2003

Question 14

Why does dolly was euthanised?

Answer 14

1) These techniques may lead to the cloning of animals that contain genetically engineered organs that can be transplanted into humans without fear of tissue rejection

2) Controversies of animal cloning

Question 15

How does cloning works?

Answer 15

Cloning usually begins with removal of the egg nucleus from a fertilized egg and replacement with another nucleus (possibly from an adult animal like cow)

Question 16

What is cell tissue culture?

Answer 16

The general term for the removal of cells, tissues, or organs from an animal or plant and their subsequent placement into an artificial environment conducive growth

Question 17

Terminology

Answer 17

Tissue culture
A generic term for the in vitro cultivations of organs,
tissues and cells

Organ culture
maintaining the whole organ or fragments of tissue

Cell culture
Culture of individuals cells from animals tissues or
established cell line in vitro

Question 18

Why use animal cell culture?

Answer 18

• Cancer research
Establishment of primary culture primary culture - cells derived directly from organ or tissue of the host organism

• Virology
Production of monoclonal antibodies

• Hybridoma technology
Production of vaccines

• Drug discovery
Antiviral/anticancer/antitumor promoting activity

• Recombinant proteins
Baculovirus system in insect cells

• Tissue engineering
artificial organs

Question 19

Introduction to animal cell culture

Answer 19

•Cell culture is the technique where cells are allowed to
grow under controlled conditions, usually outside of
their natural environment.

•Likewise, animal cell culture is a technique in which the
cells are removed and are allowed to grow in a favorable
artificial environment.

•They have lesser growth rates and need more complex
culture media along with special substrates.

• Even if the basic mammalian/animal cell culture techniques are similar to those that are applied to bacteria, fungi, and yeast, there are however some characteristic differences.

•Usually, mammalian cells are found to be more delicate
and more susceptible to mechanical damage.

Question 20

Steps to culture animal cells

Answer 20

1) Harvest cells

2)Isolation of the cells with the use of appropriate enzymes.

3) In a culture dish with appropriate growth media, the cells are placed.

4) The culture dish is now kept in incubator for the culture of cells.

5)Cells can be sub-cultured in order to fix the problem or to get the pure culture.

7) Now, cells are ready to be manipulated or modified for lab procedures.

Question 21

TYPES OF CULTURE

Answer 21

1) Primary culture
2) Secondary culture

Question 22

1) Primary culture

Answer 22

Refers to the stage of culture after the cells are isolated from the tissue and proliferated under the appropriate condition until they occupied all of the available substrate (reach confluence)

Question 23

Secondary culture

Answer 23

Refers to the culture formed after subculturing of primary cell culture.

Primary Cell culture cannot remain viable for a long time because the cell utilize all nutrients of the medium, therefore, sub culturing is needed.

During repeated sub culturing and selection, the cell line gets evolved and properly established consisting of proliferating cells.

Question 24

ETHICAL ISSUE

Answer 24

1) Religious COncerns

2) Extrinstic concerns

3) Sentiency

4) Genetic modification

5) Food safety

Question 25

Food Safety

Answer 25

1) Unknown potential health effects to humans fom the food products created by transgenic animals

2) The potential for new food allergen to be expressed in the process of creating foods from genetically modified animal

Question 26

Genetic modification

Answer 26

1) Altering the genes normally present in an individual in such way that the alteration is passed on to its descendants

2) Tranferring a gene or genes from one individual to another of the same species or of a different species

Question 27

Sentiency

Answer 27

1) There is serious concern that animals will suffer as the results of being genetically modified

Question 28

Extrinsic concerns

Answer 28

1) Concerns that we are manipulating life for human benefits

2) The moal concerns here are difficult to assess because they must involve predicctions about future state of affairs

3) But the prediction may be accurate or inaccurate, and no conclusive proof can ever be provided that a particular set of events will invetibaly occur in the future

Question 29

Religious concerns

Answer 29

1) For Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus, it would be forbidden to eat foods containing genetic materal from animals whose flesh is forbidden

2) Some religions prohibited the use of insulin derived from animal sources