Topic wise Flashcards
Vijayanagara samrajyam..??
(a) Fortification : (i) The different parts of the city of Vijayanagara were enclosed with the great fortress walls.There were seven lines of forts.These encircled not only the city of Vijayanagara but also its agricultural land and forests.The outermost wall linked the hills surrounding the city. This wall was built with wedge shaped blocks of stone. They fixed well into each other and had no use of mortar or cementing agent. The inner portion of the walls was of earth packed with rubble.
(ii) This fortification enclosed agricultural tracts like cultivated fields, gardens and forests. The modern archaeologists have found an evidence of an agricultural tract between the sacred centre and the urban core. To irrigate this tract, there was an elaborate canal system which drew water from the Tungabhadra. The agricultural tracts were incorporated within the fortified area with a purpose. In the medieval periods, sieges were laid to starve the defenders into submission. These sieges could last even for months and years. So the rulers built large granaries within fortified areas. So the rulers of Vijayanagara adopted an elaborate strategy to protect their agricultural belt.
(iii) However a second line of fortification surrounded the inner core of the urban complex. A third line of fortification went round the royal centre. There were well guarded gates to enter the fort. These gates led to the major roads. They had distinctive architectural features. There was an arch on the gateway and a dome over the gate.
(b) Roads : The roads linked different parts of the city of Vijayanagara. They also led out of the city. They went through the whole valley. They avoided rocky terrain. Many important roads started from temple gateways. They were lined by bazaars.
The capital of Vijayanagara Empire was Hampi. The literal meaning of Vijaynagar is ‘City of Victory’. It was the Deccan plateau-based region in South India. With the end of the Sultanate period, Bengal and Multan were the first territories to break away from the Delhi Sultanate and declared Independence with some other territories, as a result, the Deccan region came into power. The rising powers of the Vijaynagar Empire brought a clash with many powerful emperors and the wars were fought with Bahmani Kingdoms.
Main Divisions of Vijaynagar Dynasty
The four main dynasties of the Vijaynagar Empire are as follows:
Sangama Dynasty - Founded by Harihar and BukkaSaluva Dynasty - Founded by Saluna NarsimhaTuluva Dynasty - Founded by Veer NarsimhaAravidu Dynasty - Founded by TirumalaVijayanagar Empire Rulers: Harihar 1 (1336 - 1356 A.D.)Harihar I became the ruler of the Sangama dynasty in 1336 A.D.Bahmani and Vijaynagar conflict majorly began in 3 areas namely Raichur Doab, Krishna - Godavari Delta, and Marathwad
Vijayanagar Empire Rulers: Bukka 1 (1356 - 1377 A.D.)In 1356 A.D. Bukka I became the ruler of the Sangama dynasty by succeeding Harihar I.He also defeated the Shambuvaraya Kingdom of Arcot and the Reddis of Kondavidu by 1360 and the region around Penukonda was annexed.Bukka also defeated the Sultanate of Madurai in 1371 and extended his territory to the south of Rameshwaram.He also took control of Goa and the kingdom of Orissa. He was succeeded by the son of Harihar II.Vijayanagar Empire Rulers: Krishnadeva Raya (1509 - 1529 A.D.)Krishnadeva Raya was the most popular king of the Vijaynagar Empire. He belonged to the Tuluva dynasty.He was the strongest king of the Vijaynagar Empire, he won Orissa and extended his emperor in various territories.He took titles such as Yavanarjana Sthapanacharya, Andhra Bhoj, Abhinav Bhoj, and Andhra Pitamaha.He was contemporary to Babur. Babur writes about Krishnadeva Raya in his autobiography named Baburnama and described that Krishnadeva Raya was the strongest ruler of his reign.According to Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller, “Krishnadeva Raya was the most feared and perfect king there could possibly be”
His ContributionKrishnadeva Raya was focused on the development of agriculture. He built large tanks and canals for irrigation.He made good policies of trade.He also maintained friendly relations with Portuguese and Arab traders. He increased the revenue collection of his government.He patronized art and architecture.It was during his rule that the empire, popularly known as Krishnadevaraya Dynasty, saw its highest glory.
Ashtadiggajas
A group of 8 scholars, known as Ashtadiggajas adorned in his court they were:
i) Peddana - author of Manucharitam, he also got the title of Andhra Kavi Pitamah.ii) Nandi Thimmana - author of Parijathaparaham
iii) Modayagiri Maulana
iv) Dhurjativ) Ayyalaraju Rambhadra Kavivi) Pingali Surana
vii) Romaraja Bhushan
viii) Tenali Ramkrishna
Battle of Talikota (1565 A.D.)In the battle of Talikota, the successors of Krishnadeva Raya became weak.Ram Raya leads the Vijaynagar Empire in the Talikota battle.The combined forces of Bijapur, Admadnagar, Golkonda, and Birar declared war on Vijaynagar during Aliya Ram Raya’s rule.Ram Raya was defeated and his soldiers were killed mercilessly. As a result, the Vijaynagar Empire was ruined.
Decline of Empire
The Decline of the Vijaynagar EmpireThey were defeated in the battle of Talikota which was led by Rama Raya.The rulers of the Aravidu dynasty were weak and incompetent to save their empire.The rulers of Bijapur and Golconda annexed some regions of the Vijaynagar Empire.
Salient Features
Salient Features of the Vijaynagar Empire:AdministrationThe administration was well organized and systematic.The Empire or King was the head of all powers in the state.There was a council of Ministers to assist the administration.The whole empire was mainly divided into six provinces. Naik was the Governor who administered all the states.The provinces of a state are divided into districts and districts are further divided into small villages.The small unit village was administered by the officers like accountants, watchmen, weightmen, etc.An important post of administration was called Mahanayakacharya who was the officer or contact point between villagers and the central administration.
Salient Features of the Vijaynagar Empire: The ArmyThe army includes all infantry, cavalry, and elephantry. The army was well administered.The Commander in Chief was in charge of the army.Salient Features of the Vijaynagar Empire: Judicial AdministrationThe king or the emperor was the supreme judge. They handle all the issues of criminal and civil matters also.Strict punishment was given to the delinquent and those who violated the law.Salient Features of the Vijaynagar Empire: Revenue AdministrationLand revenue was the main source of income at that period.The revenue was fixed according to the fertility of the soil and the area of land.Big dams and canals were constructed for irrigation purposes.Salient Features of the Vijaynagar Empire: Position of WomenThe position of women was good in that period, they could get an education, participate in the political and social issues of the empire.Women were free to do business and also free to do any job.Salient Features of the Vijaynagar Empire: Social LifeThe society was well developed and civilized.Social customs like child marriage, the Sati system, dowry, and polygamy were strictly prevented.The king provided religious freedom for all.
Salient Features of the Vijaynagar Empire: Economic Conditions
The economic condition was good in that period. There were various sources of income.
Various industries like textiles, mining, metallurgy, perfumery, etc. existed.
The international trade was in good condition, they had commercial relations with the islands in the Indian ocean, Abyssinia, China, Burma, Arabia, Parsia, Portugal, South Africa, etc.
Salient Features of the Vijaynagar Empire: Contribution to Architecture and Literature
They focused on the development of architecture and literature.
The Hazara Ramasami temple and Vitthalswami temples were built during that period.
The statues of Krishnadeva Raya were built in various places.
The literature in Sanskrit, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu was developed.
The writer named Sayana wrote commentaries on the Vedas. Literature was found mostly religious.
Krishnadeva Raya wrote Amuktamalyada in the Telugu language and Usha Parinayam and Jambavathi Kalyanam in the Sanskrit language.
tuqlaq dynasty .???
For a brief period, Delhi Sultanate was governed over by many Tughlaq emperors like Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, Firuz Shah Tughlaq, etc. Throughout their rule, India observed considerable alterations in its indigenous and foreign policies.
Ghiyasuddin Tughluq or Ghazi Malik (1320-1325 A.D)Ghiyasuddin was the governor of Depalpur during Allauddin Khilji’s reign.He founded the Tughlaq Dynasty.Domestic and Foreign SchemesGhiyasuddin Tughluq reinstituted arrangements in his province.He displayed more attention towards farming, soldiers, irrigation, judicial policies.He was crowned in 1320 A.D.He succeeded in controlling Orissa (Utkala), Warangal and Bengal.He controlled the Mongol leaders who conquered North India.The Demise of the KingIn 1325 AD, during a victorious celebration for winning Bengal, Ghiyasuddin’s pavilion collapsed and he died.Juna Khan became the successor to the throne.Juna Khan or Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 A.D)In 1325 A.D, Juna Khan was sworn in as the king.In 1327 A.D, he conquered Warangal
Policies introduced by Mohammad Bin TughlaqTransfer of Capital-Capital was relocated from Delhi to Devagiri during 1326-1327 A.D. In this exodus, the Imperial Court and establishments were shifted initially followed by the citizens. The distance between Delhi and Devagiri was around 1500 km. During migration, many people died because of the harsh weather. Those who reached Devagiri experienced health issues and found it difficult to adjust in South India. In the following years, the courts and people were shifted back to Delhi. Making this policy a huge blunder.Introduction to Token Currency-Mohammad Bin Tughlaq was also known as the “king of moneyers”. He commenced bronze token currency from 1330-1332 A.D. Each bronze coin had the same value as a silver coin (tanka). This policy was also a failure because tons of forged coins started circulating in the markets. Adding to that, the citizens paid their taxes in bronze coins and hoarded gold & silver ones. As a result, the value of this currency declined which led to its withdrawal.Khurasan Expedition-With the help of the Persian emperor he wantedto vanquish the country of Khurasan, Transoxiana, and Iraq. He built an army of 3,70,000 soldiers. He spent lakhs of rupees on this mission but the Persian emperor repudiated to help, causing a huge financial loss and dismissal of the project.Quarachil Expedition-Quarachil kingdom was present between Kullu- Kangra region (now in Himachal Pradesh). Massive infantry was sent by Mohammad Bin Tughlaq to annex the Quarachil kingdom. Due to cool winds and rainfall, the Tughluq army couldn’t survive on the battlefield. When Mongol emperor Tarmashirin Khan invaded India by capturing Lahore & Multan, to protect his kingdom Mohammad Bin Tughlaq bribed the Mongolian emperor with gold and silver. This act represented him as a puny Sultan in front of his nationals.Taxation in Doab Region-Though Doab was a fertile region present between Ganga and Yamuna rivers, yet it suffered a famine during Mohammad Bin Tughlaq’s reign. During this period, taxes were uplifted to refill the royal treasure, making it difficult for people to survive. The officers forcefully collected the tax causing widespread anger among citizens. To get away with the taxes, citizens took shelter in the forest or moved to other towns or became robbers.Agriculture Department-An agriculture department named Diwan-i-kohi was established by Mohammad Bin Tughlaq. Department focused on converting uncultivated land into an agricultural field. A huge amount of money was spent on this scheme yet it failed miserably because the land chosen was unfertile, the officers lacked experience and knowledge. Many of the department officials were corrupt, they misplaced money and crop yield. The investment outsourced the profit by a huge amount of money. The department was shut down in 3 yrsMohammad Bin Tughlaq’s policies were neither planned nor executed properly. His reckless decisions lead to the downfall of his stature as Delhi Sultan.
The Demise of the KingMohammad Bin Tughlaq died in Thatta (Sindh) while suppressing the Taghi tribe.Firoz Shah Tughluq became the successor to the throne.Firoz Shah Tughluq (1351-1388 A.D)Firoz Shah Tughluq was the son of Ghiyasuddin Tughluq’s younger brother.Organizational ReformsAgriculture loans (Taquavi) were waived off.He increased the salaries of income officials.He paid compensation to the heiress of those executed by Mohammad Bin Tughlaq.He terminated all the unfair taxes levied on citizens.He repaired two top levels of Qutub Minar, which were damaged by an earthquake.Only 4 types of taxes were imposed-Kharaj-land tax, equal to 1/10th of the produce of the land.Zakat-2.5% tax levied on property given to Muslims.Kham-1/5th of the plunder captured in war.Jizya-A poll tax on Non-Muslims including Brahmins. Women, children and the disabled were exempted from paying this tax.EstablishmentsHe established Diwan-i-khairat (office for charity), Diwan-i-Bandagan (slave department).He acquired the Iqtadari system.He established rest houses (Sarais) for the travelers.He built charitable hospitals known as Darul-Shifa, Bimaristan or Shifa Khana and marriage bureaus.He established four new towns – Jaunpur, Firozabad, Hisar and Fatehabad.He built many wells, bridges and canals.Canals were constructed from Yamuna River to Hisar city, Sutlej to Ghaggar River, Ghaggar to Firozabad and Mandvi and Sirmour hills to Hansi (Haryana)
Foreign PoliciesHe enclosed Bengal in 1353 A.D. and 1359 A.D.He destroyed Jagannath Temple at Puri.He captured Jainagar.Significance of Feroz Shah TughluqHis contribution for the welfare of society.Futuhat-e-firoz shahi is his autobiography.Translation of Sanskrit manuscripts in Persian.He aided political thinker Ziauddin Barani.
Tughluq Successors
Tughluq Successors after Firoz Shah TughluqGhiyassuddin Tughlaq Shah IIAbu Bakr ShahMuhammad ShahAlauddin SikandarNasiruddin Mahmud
Extinction
Extinction of Tughluq DynastyThe descendants of Feroz Shah were not skilled or competent.At the end of the 14th century, most of the territories were lost except Punjab and Delhi.During Tughluq’s reign, Timur assailed India. In 1398, Timur seized Delhi and caused the extermination of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
syed dynasty which came after Tuqlaqs dynasty ???
In 1414 A.D, Khizr Khan Sayyid found the Sayyid Dynasty and that rule came to an end when Ala-ud-din Shah came. In 1451A.D, Bahlul Lodi found the Lodi Dynasty.Amir Timur appointed Sayyid as the Governor of Delhi in 1398. On 28 May 1414, Khizr Khan captured Delhi but he continued as a Rayati-Ala (Vassal) and he did not take the title of Sultan. Later on 20 May 1421 Sayyid Mubarak Shah succeeded Khizr Khan. Sayyid Mubarak Shah was the son of Khizr Khan, the founder of the Sayyid Dynasty.
Table of Contents
Rulers of Sayyid DynastyRulers of Lodi DynastyEnd of Lodi DynastyMCQs
Sayyid Mubarak Shah addressed him as Muizz-ud-Din on his coins. After his death, Muhammad Shah ruled the region and addressed himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. He nominated his son Ala-ud-Din Shah from Badaun as a successor just before his death. On 19 April 1451 Ala-ud-Din voluntarily gave the throne of Delhi to the Sultanate on the side of Bahlul Khan Lodi. Ala-ud-Din was the last Sayyid ruler. After that, he went to Badaun and died in the year 1478.
Rulers of The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 A.D.)Sayyid Dynasty: Khizr Khan (1414- 1421 A.D.)Khizr Khan founded the Sayyid Dynasty.Khizr Khan did not have any royal title.Khizr Khan was the Governor of Multan.After Timur’s invasion, Khizr Khan took advantage of the disordered situation in India.Khizr Khan occupied the throne of Delhi in 1414 A.D.Khizr Khan cleverly brought Surat, Dilpur, and Punjab under his own control.Khizr Khan lost his territories Bengal, Gujarat, Deccan, Khandesh, Jaunpur, and Malwa.He died in 1421.Khizr Khan’s son Mubarak Shah succeeded him.Sayyid Dynasty: Mubarak Shah (1421-1434 A.D.)He is the son of Khizr Khan Sayyid.Mubarak Shah was appointed the Hindu nobles in the court of Delhi, he was the first one to appoint the Hindu nobles in Delhi court.On the bank of river Jamuna, Mubarak Shak constructed the “Mubarakbad “city.Mubarak Shah hardly made any effort on reconstructing the lost territories of his kingdom.Sayyid Dynasty: Muhammad Shah (1434-1445 A.D.)Muhammad Shah gets the help of Bahlul Lodi the Governor of Lahore and he defeats the ruler of Malwa.After defeating the Malwa Muhammad Shah confers Bahlul Lodi with the title called Khan-i-Khanan.Muhammad Shah was defeated by Ala-ud-din Shah.Sayyid Dynasty: Ala-ud-din Shah (1445-1457 A.D.)Ala-ud-din Shah was not a great leader.In 1457 A.D Bahul Lodi who was the Governor of Lahore removed Ala-ud-din from the throne and sent him to Badaun.After that, he captured Delhi by himself.In 1478 A.D Ala-ud-din Shah died in Badaun.
Rulers of Lodi
Rulers of Lodi Dynasty (1451 to 1526)Lodi Dynasty: Bahlul Lodi (1451 -1489 A.D.)The founder of Lodi Dynasty was the one and only Bahlul Lodi.The Sultanate period ended up with the Lodi Dynasty.Bahlul Lodi was one of the wise statesmen who knew his limits.To gratify his nobles Bahlul Lodi took various measures.Bahlul Lodi conquered Gwalior, Santhal, Sakit, Mewat.He died in the year of 1489 A.D.
lodi dynasty setup by Bahlul lodi..¿?
Rulers of Lodi Dynasty (1451 to 1526)Lodi Dynasty: Bahlul Lodi (1451 -1489 A.D.)The founder of Lodi Dynasty was the one and only Bahlul Lodi.The Sultanate period ended up with the Lodi Dynasty.Bahlul Lodi was one of the wise statesmen who knew his limits.To gratify his nobles Bahlul Lodi took various measures.Bahlul Lodi conquered Gwalior, Santhal, Sakit, Mewat.He died in the year of 1489 A.D
Lodi Dynasty: Sikandar Shahi (1489-1517 A.D.)After the death of Bahlul Lodi, Sikandar Shahi became the ruler of the Lodi Dynasty.Sikandar Shahi was given the title of “Sikandar Shah”In his period he well organised the spy system to get information.He was one of the few kings to develop industries and agriculture.Sikandar Shahi made various restrictions on the Hindus.Shehnai was the favourite music of Sikandar Shah.During his period, he worked on the music name “Lahjati-Sikandar-Shahi”.
End of Lodi Dynasty (1517-1526 A.D.)Ibrahim Lodi defeated Sikandar.Ibrahim Lodi was not that great a ruler; he was stubborn and intolerant.Ibrahim Lodi humiliated many nobles and killed them cruelly.He didn’t treat his son Dilwar Khan badly.The Lodi Dynasty came to an end after Ibrahim Lodi faced failure at the hands of Babur in the 1st battle of Panipat.Therefore, the last ruler of Lodhi Dynasty is Ibrahim Lodi.
