Famous Medieval Battles Flashcards
Battle of Vennni….? In between who and what’s the result ?
Between chola king karikaala and Chera kings .
Won by chola.
Battle of Venni
VIEW SOURCE
Battle of Venni is a battle fought by the Early Chola king Karikala with a confederacy of Pandya and Chera kings. The battle resulted in absolute victory for Karikala. Following his defeat, the Chera king Uthiyan Cheralathan starved himself to death. The battle is considered historical and dated approximately to 190 CE.
Background
Upon the accession of Karikala at a young age, there was a civil war in the Chola kingdom. By the time, Karikala had succeeded in vanquishing rival claimants and establishing his hold over the kingdom, the neighbouring Chera and Pandya kings saw their chance and forming a confederacy which also included eleven minor chieftains apart from the two kings, invaded the Chola kingdom.
The two armies met at Venni (present day Kovilvenni located 15 km from Thanjavur). Karikala by his brilliant strategem inflicted a crushing defeat on the combined army
Battle of Koppam …? Between whom
In 1054CE
Cholas vs Chalukyas.
Rajendra chola 2, Rajadhiraja chola (vs). Chalukya king someshwara..
The two armies met at Venni (present day Kovilvenni located 15 km from Thanjavur). Karikala by his brilliant strategem inflicted a crushing defeat on the combined army
Won by cholas
Battle of maski is between whom?
Rajendra chola vs Jai Simha 2.
Won by Chola empire against Jai Simha of western chalukyas …
Wars with Cholas[edit]
During this period, Rajendra Chola was not only exerting control over the Vengi kingdom of the Eastern Chalukyas, he was also constantly trying to expand their kingdom northwards into the Western Chalukya territory. For a while the Cholas were preoccupied with their invasion of Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka) and with their territorial issues with the Pandyan Dynasty of Madurai, and the rulers of Kerala. Taking advantage of this confusion and with an intent of reducing Chola power in Vengi, Jayasimha II interfered in Vengi after the death of its incumbent King Vimaladitya and installed Vimaladitya’s son of his choice, Vijayaditya II on the throne. Vijayaditya initially did well with this support by occupying Bezwada.[9][11][12] This was against the plans of the Rajendra Chola who wanted Rajaraja Narendra, a prince born to Vimaladitya’s queen from the Chola clan. To further strengthen himself, Jayasimha II had marched south of the Tungabhadra river and occupied Bellary, the Raichur Doab and perhaps part of Gangavadi (modern south-east Karnataka) as well. Rajendra Chola employed a two-pronged attack. One army going into the Vengi kingdom to successfully assist Rajaraja Narendra over his claims over the Vengi throne, and the other into the Western Chalukaya kingdom itself. In the west, Jayasimha II was defeated in the battle of Masangi (Maski in modern Raichur district) in c.1021. But the Chola army could not proceed any further and the Tungabhadra river remained the tacit border between the two empires.
Jayasimha II (r.1015 – 1043 CE)[1] (also known as Jagadhekamalla I and Mallikamoda) succeeded his brother Vikramaditya V on the Western Chalukya throne. He had to fight on many fronts, against the Cholas of Tanjore in the south and the Paramara dynasty in the north, to protect his kingdom.[2][3] His rule however was an important period of development of Kannada literature. The Brahmin Kannada writers Durgasimha (who was also his minister and wrote the Panchatantra, “The five stratagems”, 1031), Chavundaraya II (encyclopaedia, Lokopakara, c. 1025) and Kavitavilasa were in his patronage. Chandraraja, a Brahmin writer on erotics (Madanatilaka, “Forehead ornament of passion”, the earliest Kannada work in the genre of erotica, c. 1025) was in the court of Machiraja, a vassal of Jayasimha II. The Jain Sanskrit scholar Vadiraja was in Jayasimha II’s court and wrote two epics, on logic, and a commentary on an earlier Jain text. His queen Suggaladevi was a disciple of the Kannada saint-poet Devara Dasimayya (one of the earliest Veerashaiva poets).[4][5][6][7]
According to the historians Chopra et al., this period saw Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South.[8] However the historian Sen asserts that despite this reversal, this period saw the consolidation of the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan that would become a stepping stone towards the growth of the empire under the rule of Someshvara I, the successor of Jayasimha II
Maski is an archaeological site in the Raichur district of the state of Karnataka, India. It lies on the bank of the Maski river which is a tributary of the Tungabhadra. The site came into prominence with the discovery of a minor rock edict of Emperor Ashoka by C. Beadon in 1915. It was the first edict of Emperor Ashoka that contained the name Asoka in it instead of the earlier edicts that referred him as Devanampiye piyadasi. This edict was important to conclude that many edicts found earlier in the Indian sub-continent in the name of Devanampiye piyadasi, all belonged to Emperor Ashoka. The edict is etched on a rock-face of Durgada-gudda, one of the gneissic outcrops that are present in the site.
Kalinga war ?
Ashoka and Kalinga.
Won by ashoka
Of the 3 terrain battles….
1st battle of terrain is between whom and when it took place ?
1191
Between Ghori vs Prithviraj Chauhan(won)
Battle of Tarain (1191 & 1192)
To extend the boundaries of his empire Muhammad Shahabuddin Ghori entered into India in 1175 CE. He advanced to Gujarat in 1178 CE and advanced further by seizing Peshawar and Lahore and he ended the rule of Ghaznavids in Panjab with the help of the ruler of Jammu.
As a result of successive conquests the boundaries of Ghori’s kingdom extended to the border of Prithviraj’s kingdom. In 1191, Muhammad Ghori attacked Sirhind or Bathinda on northwestern frontier of Chauhan kingdom. Prithviraj’s along with his army, led by vassal Govinda-Raj, rushed to the defense of the frontier, and the two armies fought a battle at Tarain. This is how the First war of Tairan began.
Two wings of Turkic army was defeated and fled away while Muhammad Ghori could not recover from the blow and fainted from the shock. The army surrendered and Muhammad was made prisoner. Muhammad of Ghor begged for mercy and Prithviraj pardoned him.
In 1192, Ghori after returning to his capital Ghazni challenged Prithviraj at the Second Battle of Tarain. Both Muhmmad and Prithviraj increased their army’s strength. Muhmmad divided his huge troop into 5 parts and Prithviraj increased army with the help of 150 Rajput kingdoms. Muhammad Ghori asked Prithviraj Chauhan to either change his religion to Muslim or be prepared to be defeated by him. Prithviraj Chauhan cease-fired.
Muhammad Ghori decieved Prithviraj with a letter of acceptance of the treaty.
Rajput army was in a relax mood.
Suddenly Ghoris army attacked Prithvirajs army in the wee hours. At the end of the day Muhammad Ghori was victorious.
About hundred thousand Rajput soldiers died in the battle. The second battle of Tarain opened the way for conquerors of India. Muhammad and his successors established an Islamic Empire in India as the Sultanate of Delhi.
2nd battle of terrain is between whom!?
1192.
Same Ghori vs Prithviraj Chauhan.
But this time won by Ghori
3rd battle of terrain…is between whom ?
Happened in 1215..
Iltutmish and yaldoz..
The third battle of Tarain was fought between Iltutmish and Tajuddin, the Sultan of Ghazni in 1216 at Tarain. In that war Sultan of Ghazni defeated by Iltutmish
victory of Sultan Mohammad of Ghur was decisive, he took Bihar province in 1193 eradicating Buddhism in that area.[9] Later in 1202, his army completes the occupation of Hindustan by taking the city of Bengal.[10]
The victory of Ghori led to the foundation of Sultanate of Delhi.It results in the further conquest of Muslims in India. Ghori made His slave,Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the first king of India and India came under the rule of Muslims
After which war, Babur got the title of “Ghazi”…..?..
It’s Battle of Khanwa. In 1527 A.D Babur vs Ranasanga. Babur won . Rana escaped to Chittor… Even though Rana has more army, Babur won it…
Babur attacked medinirai of chanderi in 1528.
And defeated afghan rulers also and but died in 1530.
Story of Battle of khanwa….
The Battle of Khanwa was a decisive engagement between the Mughal forces under Babur and the Rajput alliance under Rana Sanga of Mewar. The battle was fought on 16 March 1527.
It ended in a decisive victory for the Mughal forces and would consolidate Babur and his descendants’ rule for centuries to come.
Babur had embarked on a campaign of conquest to fulfill the legacy of his ancestor, Timur. Up until 1524, he was aiming to expand his rule in the Punjab region but certain events led to him expanding far beyond the original confines of Timur’s erstwhile empire.
The decline of the Delhi Sultanate under the Lodi Dynasty presented fresh opportunities for conquest
Babur was invited by Daulat Khan Lodi to invade Delhi . Around the same time a proposal for an alliance was made by Rana Sangha.
Rana Sangha proposed that while Babur would attack the Delhi Sultanate, the Rajputs would attack Agra. Babur seemingly agreed to this proposal.
However, Daulat Khan betrayed Babur and subverted the Mughal garrison at Sialkot and marched towards Lahore. The Mughals defeated Daulat Khan near the city and they were the undisputed lords of Punjab. Following this, Babur would go on to destroy Ibrahim Lodi’s army at the first battle of Panipat, which would lead to the beginning of the Mughal Empire.
While these events took place, Rana Sangha made no move despite the Mughals taking over Agra. Historians such as Satish Chandra speculated that Rana Sanga was playing a waiting game to see who would be victorious and what their next move would be.
It is thought that Rana Sanga believed that Babur would just loot the treasuries of Delhi before moving back to Kabul. This would open the way for him to conquer the regions of Delhi and Agra. But when it became apparent that Babur intended to stay in India, Rana Sangha proceeded to build a grand alliance of Rajputs as well as of Afghans who were wary of Babur’s power.
The main objective of this coalition was to drive Babur away from India and restrict him to Afghanistan. It was then in the early months of March 1527, that Babur received news that an army of Afghans and Rajputs were on their way towards his positions in Agra .
Baburs’ attempt at a flanking manoeuvre were disrupted as the Rajput cavalry relentlessly pushed back his men. Soon the sheer weight of the numbers began to take a toll on the Mughal army.
It was at this crucial juncture that the Rana Silhadi of Raisen betrayed Rana Sanga and went over to Babur’s army. His numbers were enough to tilt the balance of power in the Mughal’s favour. This forced the Rajput army to change their entire battle plan. During this time Rana Sanga was hit with a bullet and fell unconscious and this caused much confusion amongst the Rajput ranks. Taking advantage, the Mughals stepped up their attacks and soon the Rajput force began to wane.
The remaining Rajput commanders tried to rally their men by leading a frontal charge. All of the charges resulted in their deaths. Now left, almost leaderless, the Rajputs manage to spirit their unconscious king out of the battle zone. Those that remained were killed in large numbers and soon the battle ended in a defeat for the Rajputs and their Afghan allies.
Aftermath of the Battle of Khanwa
The battle of Khanwa consolidated the gains made during the first battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526. Although there would be a temporary setback to Mughal power under Humayaun following the rise of the Sur Empire, the Mughal dynasty would go on to rule India in the ensuing years.
Rana Sangha managed to survive the fiasco at Khanwa, but the grand alliance he had built did not. It was shattered for good due to this battle. He died on 30 January 1528, still yearning to fight against Babur to the bitter end.
Another consequence of the Battle of Khanwa was that the muskets and cannons would become a mainstay in many armies of the Indian subcontinent, Mughal or otherwise. Soon other kingdoms in India began to hire mercenaries to train their forces in gunpowder warfare and some even began to build their own cannons.
At the very least some of the outdated methods of warfare of subcontinent armies would be put to rest following the battle of Khanwa.
Third Major battle Fought by Babur is in 1529 A.D ….?…Battle of Ghagara .?
From this battle ..Mughal empire over India fully established ,..
The Battle of Ghaghra, fought in 1529, was a major battle for the conquest of India by the Mughal Empire. It followed the first Battle of Panipat in 1526 and the Battle of Khanwa in 1527.
It was fought between Mughal forces under Babur against the Sultanate of Bengal under Sultan Nusrat Shah.
Aftermath of the Battle of Ghagra
The victory had far reaching consequences. The battle ended Afghan hope for a kingdom of their own in the east and by proxy at Delhi. The feuds between the Lodi and Lohani factions where enough to destroy aspirations for an independent Afghan kingdom.
Background of the Battle of Ghagra
Mahmud Lodi, brother of the erstwhile Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, had declared himself the rightful heir of the Delhi Sultanate following the death of his brother at the second Battle of Panipat in 1526.
His claim was however jeopardised following his defeat and flight at the Battle of Khanwa in 1527. Mahmud Lodi sought and received the help of his Afghan kinsmen in the east. His forces consisting of Eastern Afghan Confederates took Bihar.
The death of Sultan Mahmud Shah Lohani, the Pathan king of Bihar, his minor son Jalal ud-Din Lohani was placed on the throne. However, conflict arose between his mother Dudu and another noble Farid Khan, better known as Sher Shah Suri. The bitter infighting between the Lohani nobles distracted them from the oncoming armies of Babur, forcing the young prince to take refuge in the nearby sultanate of Bengal
To prevent a total collapse of the state, the Afghans of Jaunpur invited Mahmud Lodi to ascend the throne of Bihar and Janpur. It was accepted and he managed to take over most of Bihar without opposition.
Upon receiving the news of developments in Bihar, Babur decided to march there with his army and reached the banks of the river Ganges at Dadaki on February 27, 1529 where he was met by his son Humayun and general Askari. Soon the entire Mughal army marched down the right bank of the river.
There he learnt that Sultan Mahmud Lodi was in the Bengal camp with a large host of Afghans. From his spies at the camp Babur learnt that Mahmud Lodi’s request to remove their families from the frontlines was denied by the Bengalis who most likely wanted to keep a collateral in case Mahmud changed his mind.
Babur considered this behaviour offensive and their conduct shameful. As such their neutrality had been violated and it gave him Casus Belli (occasion for war) on the Bengalis.
Events during the Battle of Ghaghra
Babur found the army of Kherid, as the Bengal army was called, lying between what is at present the territory of Saran in the north. They set up camp on the left bank of the Ganges. He discovered too that the Bengali generals had collected about 100–150 vessels on their side of the stream by means of which they were able at once to hinder the passage of an enemy and to facilitate their own.
Babur was now joined by Sultan Junaid Birlas from Jaunpur with about 20,000 men.
The main body of the army under the command of Askari was ordered to march down the river in order to draw the enemy out of the camp. They were to distract the Bengali army long enough for a division under Babur and Muhammad Zaman to transport the artillery and musketmen across the river.
The plan worked and as such Babur was able to construct an artillery battery with which he rained down fire on the surrounded Bengali army. The Bengali army behaved with great bravery and pushed parties across to attack the Babur’s troops both above and below the junction of the rivers.
By the morning of May 6, 1529 as soon as Askari’s army was making its move; Babur ordered his entire division and that of Zaman to cross without delay. The Afghans made several charges to prevent the river crossing but they were easily repulsed from withering small-arms and artillery fire. Soon they found themselves being slowly surrounded. On all three sides. Before the encirclement could be complete however, the Afghan commanders made the decision to retreat before their losses could mount and subsequently withdrew.
The Mughals had won.
Between Babur vs Mahmud Lodi+Nusrat shah of Bengal+Jalaluddin Lohani+sher shah Suri +Rajputs+Afghans….
Still Babur won.
Battle of Haldigati… took place in ?
Maharana pratap vs Akbar.
Undecisive battle between Man Singh from Akbar and Rana pratap of Mewar.
In 1576.A.D…
This battle lasted only for 4 hours.
The Battle of Haldighati was fought on 18 June 1576 between the armies of Maharana Pratap, the Rana of Mewar, and the Mughal emperor Akbar’s forces, led by Man Singh I of Amber.
Haldighati is a region in the Aravalli mountain range, which links Rajsamand and Pali districts in Rajasthan, the name for which is inspired by its yellow-turmeric coloured soil.
Today, 445 years after the battle, there is an enduring debate about who actually won the battle.
According to Hooja, both sides claimed victory at the end of the battle. “Mewar claimed they had won because there had been no surrender. The Mughals claimed victory because they still held the field,” she said.
However, Chandra Shekhar Sharma, an associate professor at Meera Girls College in Udaipur noted, “In the light of recent research and evidence, historians have come to the conclusion that Pratap’s army never retreated from the Battle of Haldighati. The war was won by Pratap.”
Sharma based his findings on land records from the 16th century and said that for a year after the 18 June battle in 1576, Maharana Pratap distributed land in villages near Haldighati by handing out land rights inscribed on copper plates that has the signature of the Diwan of Eklingnath.
Back then, he claimed, only the king of a province was allowed to distribute tracts of land, which proves that Maharana Pratap was the winner of the Battle of Haldighati.
Akbar was planning to stabilise his kingdom by gaining control over Rajput regions, which would have also secured lines of communication with Gujarat. In Rajasthan, almost all major kings had accepted the Mughal dynasty except Udai Singh, the father of Maharana Pratap.
To demonstrate his authority, Akbar laid siege to Chittorgarh in October 1567. The Rajputs were surrounded and besieged by the Mughals.
Udai Singh was forced to quit and the responsibility of defence was given to King Jaimal of Merta, who was killed during the battle. Udai Singh continued to stay in the forests of Aravalli till his death four years later.
After Udai Singh’s death, his son Maharana Pratap took charge of Mewar. No negotiations worked and Akbar finally decided to begin the war.
According to historian Rima Hooja, author of the book ‘Maharana Pratap: The Invincible Warrior’, the estimates of the size of each army differed widely but what is certain is that the Mughals far outnumbered the Mewar forces.
The two armies fought a four-hour-long war in which the Mughals suffered heavy casualties and Maharana escaped unhurt.
Rana pratap took refuge in remote fortress.
From which battle , the Treaty of Allahabad came ?
Battle of Buxar.
1764.
The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764, between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1764; the Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daula; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.[4] The battle was fought at Buxar, a “small fortified town” within the territory of Bihar, located on the banks of the Ganga river about 130 kilometres (81 mi) west of Patna; it was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. The war was brought to an end by the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765
Munro divided his army into various columns and particularly pursued the Mughal Grand Vizier Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh who responded by blowing up his boat-bridge after crossing the river, thus abandoning the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and members of his own regiment. Mir Qasim also fled with his 3 million rupees worth of Gemstones and later died in poverty in 1777. Mirza Najaf Khan reorganised formations around Shah Alam II, who retreated and then chose to negotiate with the victorious British.
East India company vs. “Mir Qasim+shah alam2 +shuja ud daula”
The victors captured 133 pieces of artillery and over 1 million rupees of cash. Immediately after the battle, Munro decided to assist the Marathas, who were described as a “warlike race”, well known for their relentless and unwavering hatred towards the Mughal Empire and its Nawabs and Mysore.
Aftermath[edit]
The British victory at Buxar had “at one fell swoop”, disposed of the three main scions of Mughal power in Upper India. Mir Qasim disappeared into impoverished obscurity. Shah Alam II surrendered himself to the British, and Shah Shuja[Shuja-ud-Daula] fled west hotly pursued by the victors. The whole Ganges valley lay at the company’s mercy; Shah Shuja eventually surrendered; By 1765, the British had become the virtual rulers of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Robert Clive became the first governor of Bengal
Still won by East India company. And Treaty of Allahabad was signed
Battle of Plassey took place in ?
1757 A.D
Sirajudd daula. With French and east India Company.
Effects of Battle of Plassey
Apart from the British getting political power of Northern India but only after Nawabs, there were several other effects in many forms that came out as a result of the Battle of Plassey. They can be categorised as:
Political Effects
Economic Effects
Political Effects
The Battle of Plassey resulted at the end of the French forces.
Mir Jafar was crowned as the Nawab of Bengal
Mir Jafar was unhappy with the position and instigated the Dutch to attack the British in order to consolidate his foundation.
Battle of Chinsura was fought between the Dutch and British forces on November 25, 1759.
The British installed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal.
The British became the paramount European power in Bengal.
Robert Clive was titled “Lord Clive”, Baron of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British House of Commons.
Economic Effects
The economy of India was affected severely.
Post the victory, the British started imposing severe rules and regulations on the inhabitants of Bengal in the name of tax collection
Causes of the Battle of Plassey
Majorly, the reasons for the Battle of Plassey to take place were:
The rampant misuse of the trade privileges given to the British by the Nawab of Bengal
Non-payment of tax and duty by the workers of the British East India Company
Other reasons that supported the coming of this battle were:
Fortification of Calcutta by the British without the Nawab’s permission
Misleading Nawab on various fronts by British
An asylum was provided to Nawab’s enemy Krishna Das
The East India Company had a strong presence in India majorly at Fort St. George, Fort William and Bombay Castle.
The British resorted to having an alliance with the Nawabs and princes in exchange for security against any form of external and internal attack and were promised concessions in return for their safety and protection.
The problem arose when the alliance was disrupted under the rule of Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-Ud-Daulah). The Nawab started seizing the fort of Calcutta and imprisoning many British Officials in June 1756. The prisoners were kept in a dungeon at Fort William. This incident is called the Black Hole of Calcutta since only a handful of the prisoners survived the captivity where over a hundred people were kept in a cell meant for about 6 people. The East India company planned an attack and Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, the commander-in-chief of the Nawab’s army, and also promised him to make him Nawab of Bengal.
The Battle of Plassey was fought at Palashi, on the banks of Bhagirathi river near Calcutta on June 23, 1757.
After three hours of intense fighting, there was a heavy downpour. One of the reasons for the defeat of Nawab was the lack of planning to protect their weapons during the heavy downpour which turned the table in favour of the British army apart from the major reason being the treachery of Mir Jafar.
Siraj-Ud-Daulah’s army with 50,000 soldiers, 40 cannons and 10 war elephants was defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Robert Clive. The battle ended in 11 hours and Siraj-Ud-Daulah fled from the battle post his defeat.
According to Robert Clive, 22 men died and 50 were injured from the British troops. The Nawab army lost about 500 men, including several key officials and many of them even suffered several casualties.
In terms of the civil services exam, direct questions are rarely asked in the exam, especially, the IAS Prelims. Thus, candidates must be aware fo how the questions can be farmed based on this historically important battle.
Siraj-Ud-Daulah (Nawab of Bengal)
Involved in Black-Hole Tragedy (imprisoned 146 English persons who were lodged in a very tiny room due to which 123 of them died of suffocation)
Adversely affected by the rampant misuse of trade privileges by the EIC
Attacked and seized the English fort at Calcutta, it brought their hostility into the open
Robert Clive (EIC)
Gave asylum to political fugitive Krishna Das, disappointing Siraj-Ud-Daulah
Misuse of trade privileges
Fortified Calcutta without the nawab’s permission
Mir Jafar (Commander-in-Chief of Nawab’s army)
Bribed by East India Company (EIC)
Was to be made the Nawab by EIC for conspiring against Siraj-Ud-Daulah
Cheated Siraj-Ud-Daulah during the battle
Rai Durlabh (One of the Commanders of the Nawabs Army)
Joined his army with Siraj-Ud-Daulah’s but did not participate in the battle
Betrayed Siraj
Jagat Seth (Influential Banker) Involved in the conspiracy involving the imprisonment and ultimate killing of Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah
Omi Chand (Bengal Merchant) One of the principal authors of the conspiracy against Nawab and associated with the treaty negotiated by Robert Clive before the Battle of Plassey in 1757..
Won by East India company
Battle of Goa was fought between?
Portuguese vs Dutch
1638.
The Battle of Goa was a naval engagement between the Portuguese forces commanded by the Viceroy of Portuguese India, D. Pedro da Silva, and a large Dutch fleet sent to block Goa. While the Portuguese were commanded by Pedro da Silva and António Teles de Meneses, the Dutch were led by Admiral Adam Westerwolt, who was badly defeated at this encounter.
Won by Portuguese.
Battle of wandiwash is between ?.. whom
in 1760..
Third Carnatic War – Details
Facts about the Third Carnatic War or Battle of Wandiwash
Fought between: The French and the British
People involved: Count de Lally (French General), British Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote
When: 1757 – 1763
Where: Carnatic, South India
Result: British victory
The course of the Third Carnatic War
In 1756, the Seven Year’s War broke out in Europe and once again England and France were pitted against one another. No major engagements would take place between the two in the Indian Subcontinent until 1757.
After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British forces wrested Chandannagar (in Bengal) from the French.
The French, under Count de Lally, captured Fort St. George and attacked the English to acquire Madras.
But he was defeated by English forces under Sir Eyre Coote in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760.
The French lost their Indian possessions including Pondicherry, Mahe, Gingee and Karaikal to the British.
The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
As per the Treaty, Chandannagar and Pondicherry were returned to France but they were barred from fortifying them or having troops in them. They could only have trading activities.
Third Carnatic War Results
Effects of the Third Carnatic War
French hopes of building an empire in India were completely dashed.
This established Britain as the paramount European power in India. The path was clear for the establishment of a British colonial rule in India.
Reasons for French failure
The superior naval strength of the British. They could bring in soldiers from Europe and also provide supplies from Bengal. The French did not have any such avenue to replenish resources.
The French Army had a strength 300 European Cavalry, 2,250 European infantry, 1,300 sepoys (soldiers), 3,000 Mahrattas and 16 pieces of artillery while the English deployed about 80 European Horses, 250 Native horses, 1,900 European Infantry, 2,100 sepoys.
Britain had Madras, Bombay and Calcutta – three important posts. In contrast, the French had only one strong post, Pondicherry. This meant that if Pondicherry was captured, the French had little hope of recovery. But Britain could rely on any of the other two bases if one was captured.
The victory at the Battle of Plassey opened up the British to a rich area, namely Bengal.
The British had many capable and able soldiers like Robert Clive, Stringer Lawrence and Sir Eyre Coote.
The battle of Wandiwash was an attempt by the French to acquire the Fort of Vandavasi present in Tamil Nadu. This attempt was foiled by the British Forces under the command of British Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote which led to the Battle of Wandiwash or Third Carnatic War.
British vs French.
British won
Battle of Chausa …is between ?
Mughal emperor Humayun and shershah Suri..
Shershah Suri won the battle and established sur empire.
Third Carnatic War – Details
Facts about the Third Carnatic War or Battle of Wandiwash
Fought between: The French and the British
People involved: Count de Lally (French General), British Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote
When: 1757 – 1763
Where: Carnatic, South India
Result: British victory
The course of the Third Carnatic War
In 1756, the Seven Year’s War broke out in Europe and once again England and France were pitted against one another. No major engagements would take place between the two in the Indian Subcontinent until 1757.
After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British forces wrested Chandannagar (in Bengal) from the French.
The French, under Count de Lally, captured Fort St. George and attacked the English to acquire Madras.
But he was defeated by English forces under Sir Eyre Coote in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760.
The French lost their Indian possessions including Pondicherry, Mahe, Gingee and Karaikal to the British.
The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
As per the Treaty, Chandannagar and Pondicherry were returned to France but they were barred from fortifying them or having troops in them. They could only have trading activities.
Third Carnatic War Results
Effects of the Third Carnatic War
French hopes of building an empire in India were completely dashed.
This established Britain as the paramount European power in India. The path was clear for the establishment of a British colonial rule in India.
Reasons for French failure
The superior naval strength of the British. They could bring in soldiers from Europe and also provide supplies from Bengal. The French did not have any such avenue to replenish resources.
The French Army had a strength 300 European Cavalry, 2,250 European infantry, 1,300 sepoys (soldiers), 3,000 Mahrattas and 16 pieces of artillery while the English deployed about 80 European Horses, 250 Native horses, 1,900 European Infantry, 2,100 sepoys.
Britain had Madras, Bombay and Calcutta – three important posts. In contrast, the French had only one strong post, Pondicherry. This meant that if Pondicherry was captured, the French had little hope of recovery. But Britain could rely on any of the other two bases if one was captured.
The victory at the Battle of Plassey opened up the British to a rich area, namely Bengal.
The British had many capable and able soldiers like Robert Clive, Stringer Lawrence and Sir Eyre Coote.
Humayun took refuge in Amarkot of Rajasthan…where Akbar was born.
And in 1542, shah tamas gave asylum to Humayun
Later in 1555 , Humayun with support of Iranian ruler Shah tamasp..defeated Sur and re setup Mughal dynasty in India.
1st battle of Panipat …is between ?..
Ibrahim lodi vs Babur.
In 1527 A.D
Though Lodi’s army outnumbered , Babur won the battle..
Babur involved Gun powder with canons.,firearms..
Advantage of Cannons in the Battle
It is generally held that Babur’s guns proved decisive in battle, firstly because Ibrahim Lodi lacked any field artillery, but also because the sound of the cannon frightened Lodi’s elephants, causing them to trample Lodi’s own men. However a reading of the contemporary sources show that more than the gun, it was the tactics which helped in winning the day. The new war tactics introduced by Babur were the tulughma and the araba. Tulughma meant dividing the whole army into various units, viz. the Left, the Right and the Centre. The Left and Right divisions were further subdivided into Forward and Rear divisions. Through this a small army could be used to surround the enemy from all the sides. the Centre Forward division was then provided with carts (araba) which were placed in rows facing the enemy and tied to each other with animal hide ropes. Behind them were placed cannons protected and supported by mantelets which could be used to easily manoeuvre the canons. These two tactics made Babur’s artillery lethal. The guns and cannons could be fired without any fear of being hit as they were shielded by the bullock carts which were held in place due to the hide ropes holding them together. the nozzle of the heavy cannons could also be easily changed as they could be manoeuvered by the mantelets which were provided with wheels.
Ibrahim Lodi died on the field of battle, abandoned by his feudatories and generals (many of whom were mercenaries). Most of them changed their allegiance to the new master of Delhi. However had Sultan Ibrahim survived another hour of fighting he would have won, as Babur had no reserves and his troops were rapidly tiring.
2nd Battle of Panipat is between …?.
Hemu + cm of Adil shah Suri (VS) Akbar
In 1556 5th Nov.
The Second Battle of Panipat was fought between the forces of Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, popularly calledHemu, the Hindu king who was ruling North India from Delhi, and the army of Akbar, on November 5, 1556. It was a decisive victory for Akbar’s generals Khan Zaman I and Bairam Khan.
Background
On January 24, 1556, the Mughal ruler Humanyun died in Delhi and was succeeded by his son, Akbarat Kalanaur, who was only thirteen years old. On February 14, 1556, Akbar was enthroned as the king. At the time of his accession to the throne, the Mughal rule was confined to Kabul, Kandahar, parts ofDelhi and Punjab. Akbar was then campaigning in Kabul with his guardian, Bairam Khan.
Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya or Hemu was a Hindu emperor in Delhi by virtue of defeating Akbar/Humanyun’s army in Battle for Delhi. Hemu belonged to Rewari in present day Haryana, who earlier was an adviser to Sher Shah Suri’s son Islam Shah from 1545 to 1553. Hemu had won 22 battles, as Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Islam Shah, during 1553 to 1556 to quell the rebellion by Afghan rebels against Sur regime. At the time of Humayun’s death in January 1556, Hemu had just quelled a rebellion in Bengal, killing the Bengal ruler Muhammad Shah in the war. He made his intentions of winning Delhi for himself known to his commanders. He then started a campaign, winning battles throughout northern India. When he attacked Agra, the commander of Akbar’s forces inAgra, fled without fighting. A large area of Etawah, Kalpi, and Agra provinces comprising present day Bihar and UP came under Hemu’s control. In the Gwalior Fort Hemu consolidated his army by recruiting more Hindus.
Hemu then moved towards Delhi and stationed his forces outside the city at Tughlaqabad. On October 6, 1556, army encountered Mughal resistance. After a fierce fight Akbar’s forces were ousted, and Tardi Beg, the commander of the Mughal forces, escaped, allowing Hemu to capture Delhi. Around 3,000 Mughals were killed. Hemu was crowned at Purana Qila on October 7, 1556, and established Hindu rule in North India, after 350 years of Muslim rule, and was bestowed the title of Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya. According to Abul Fazl in Akbarnama, Hemu was preparing for an attack on Kabul and made several changes in his army.
Battle
Developments in Delhi and Agra disturbed the Mughals at Kalanaur, Punjab. Many Mughal Generals advised Akbar to retreat to Kabul as Mughal forces may not face Hemu’s might and new awareness among Hindus to liberate their country, but Bairam Khan decided in favor of war. Akbar’s army marched towards Delhi. On November 5, both armies met at the historic battlefield of Panipat, where, thirty years earlier, Akbar’s grandfather Babur had defeated Ibrahim Lodi in what is now known as the First Battle of Panipat. H.G.Keen writes; “Akbar and his guardian Bairam Khan did not participate in the battle and were stationed 5 Kos (8 miles) away from the war zone. Bairam Khan did not permit the 13 year old child King to be present in battle field in person, instead he was provided with a special guard of 5000 well trained and most faithful troops and was stationed at a safe distance far behind the battle lines. He was instructed by Bairam Khan to flee towards Kabul for life in case the Mughal Army was routed in the battlefield.”[3] Hemu led his army himself. Hemu’s army consisted of 1500 war elephants and a vanguard of artillery park. Hemu marched in excellent order with 30,000 practiced horsemen composed of Rajputs and Afghans who on many occasions, had by their exploits increased the pride and arrogance.
In order to hearten the soldiers and the Afghan Amirs, Hemu had given gifts of lands, and opened the doors of his treasures. Thus he mobilised the valiant fighters. According to Badaoni, Hemu’s army was dispirited, and who set all his hopes on the elephants, surrounded by his chiefs charged the imperial hosts, and threw both right and left wings in to great confusion. The Mughal forces were charged repeatedly by elephants to break their lines. The Mughal Vanguard according to sources consisted of 10,000 cavalry, out of which 5000 were experienced veteran soldiers and they got ready to meet the advancing army of Hemu. Hemu was himself commanding his forces from atop an elephant. It seemed Hemu was on a winning track and Akbar’s army would rout. Abul Fazl has described the war as quote “Two armies so collided that they struck fire out of water, You’d say the air was all crimsoned. Their steel had all become solid rubies” suddenly in the midst of the contest, an arrow from the bend bow of divener wrath reached Hemu’s eye, and piercing the socket, came out at the back of his head. In the words of Badaoni too, “suddenly the arrow of death which no shield can ward off struck his (Hemu) squinting eye so that his brain passed clean out from the cup of his head, and he became unconscious and not to be seen in his Howda. Not seeing Hemu in his howda, Hemu’s army was in disarray and defeated in the ensuing confusion.
Several hours after the war ended, dead Hemu was located and captured by Shah Quli Khan Mahram and brought to Akbar’s tent in the camp located at village Saudhapur in Panipat (Located on Panipat-Jind road, 5 km from NH1). General Bairam Khan was desirous that Akbar should slay the hindu king Hemu himself and should establish his right to the title of “Ghazi” (Champion of Faith or war veteran). But Akbar, refused to strike a blood soaked and dead enemy but smote the dead body, just to be called a Ghazi. Bairam Khan irritated by Akbar’s scruples beheaded the king himself.
Hemu’s supporters constructed a Cenotaph at the site of his beheading, which still exists at the village Saudhapur, on Jind Road at Panipat
Akbar under Bairam khan won the battle.
3rd battle of Panipat is between whom ?..
Took place in 1761…
Maratha empire VS. king of Afghanistan ,Ahmad shah Abdali..
From this battle , Maratha power declined.
Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761, at Panipat, about 60 miles (95.5 km) north of Delhi between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and a coalition of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani with two Indian Muslim allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Oudh. Militarily, the battle pitted the French-supplied artillery[4] and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry and mounted artillery(zamburak and jizail) of the Afghans and Rohillas led by Ahmad Shah Durrani and Najib-ud-Daulah, both ethnic Pashtuns (the former is also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali). The battle is considered one of the largest fought in the 18th century,[5] and has perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies.
The decline of the Mughal Empire following the 27-year Mughal-Maratha war (1680–1707) had led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire. Under Peshwa Baji Rao, Gujarat and Malwa came under Maratha control. Finally, in 1737, Baji Rao defeated the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi, and brought much of the former Mughal territories south of Delhi under Maratha control. Baji Rao’s son, Balaji Baji Rao (popularly known as Nana Saheb), further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab in 1758. This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali. In 1759 he raised an army from the Pashtun tribes and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab. He then joined with his Indian allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab—forming a broad coalition against the Marathas. The Marathas, under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau, responded by gathering an army of between 45,000–60,000, which was accompanied by roughly 200,000 non-combatants, a number of whom were pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India. The Marathas started their northward journey from Patdur on the 14th of March, 1760. Both sides tried to get the Nawad of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah, into their camp. By late July, Shuja-ud-Daulah made the decision to join the Afghan-Rohilla coalition, preferring to join what was perceived as the ‘army of Islam’. This was strategically a major loss for the Marathas, since Shuja provided much needed finances for the long Afghan stay in North India. It is doubtful whether the Afghan-Rohilla coalition would have the means to continue their conflict with the Marathas without Shuja’s support.
The slow-moving Maratha camp finally reached Delhi on the 1st of August, 1760, and took the city the next day. There followed a series of skirmishes along the banks of the river Yamuna, and a battle at Kunjpura, which the Marathas won against an Afghan garrison of about 15,000 (at this time, Abdali and the other Afghan forces were on the eastern side of the Yamuna river). However, Abdali daringly crossed the river Yamuna on the 25th of October at Baghpat, cutting off the Maratha camp from their base in Delhi. This eventually turned into a two-month-long siege led by Abdali against the Marathas in the town of Panipat. During the siege both sides tried to cut off the other’s supplies. At this the Afghans were considerably more effective, so that by the end of November 1760 they had cut off almost all food supplies into the besieged Maratha camp (which had about 250,000 to 300,000, most of whom were non-combatants). According to all the chronicles of the time, food in the Maratha camp ran out by late December or early January and cattle died by the thousands. Reports of soldiers dying of starvation began to be heard in early January. On the 13th of January the Maratha chiefs begged their commander, Sadashiv Rao Bhau, to be allowed to die in battle than perish by starvation. The next day the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege. The two armies came face-to-face around 8:00 a.m., and the battle raged until evening.
The specific site of the battle itself is disputed by historians, but most consider it to have occurred somewhere near modern-day Kaalaa Aamb and Sanauli Road. The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 troops. Protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks. The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians, but it is believed that between 60,000–70,000 were killed in fighting, while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably. According to the single best eye-witness chronicle- the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daulah’s Diwan Kashi Raj, about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle.[3] Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number. Shejwalkar, whose monographPanipat 1761 is often regarded as the single best secondary source on the battle, says that “not less than 100,000 Marathas (soldiers and non-combatants) perished during and after the battle.
The result of the battle was the halting of further Maratha advances in the north, and a destabilization of their territories, for roughly 10 years. This period of 10 years is marked by the rule of Peshwa Madhavrao, who is credited with the revival of Maratha domination following the defeat at Panipat. In 1771, 10 years after Panipat, he sent a large Maratha army into North India in an expedition that was meant to (a) re-establish Maratha domination in North India, and (b) Punish refractory powers that had either sided with the Afghans, such as the Rohillas, or had shaken off Maratha domination after Panipat. The success of this campaign can be seen as the last saga of the long story of Panipat….
This Battle was won by Afghans and Marathas were defeated and “”Treaty of Surat “”
Was signed.
