Topic Two - Body In Motion Flashcards
How many bones does the adult human skeleton have?
206 bones
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system? (6)
Provides a structure of the body
Allows for movement - through providing a base for the attachment of muscles
Protects vital organs - they also support the vital organs as without the support, they would collapse under their own weight
Produces blood cells (red and white)
Mineral storage (particularly calcium)
Endocrine regulation
What is the anatomic reference system called?
Directional terms
What is required for the anatomic reference system?
The starting point for the anatomic reference system assumes that the body is in the anatomic position
What is the anatomic position?
A reference position where the subject is standing erect, facing front on and with palms facing forward
What is the axial skeleton?
Consists of the bones of the skull, the thoracic/rib cage and the vertebrae column
What are the 5 types of bones?
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid Bones
What are long bones and 3 examples of it?
Long bones are longer than they are wide, they function as levers
I.e. Humerus, femur, radius
What are short bones and 2 examples of it?
Short bones have a short axis and are formed in small spaces such as the wrist. They serve to transfer forces
I.e. Carpals and Tarsals
What are flat bones and 3 examples of it?
Flat bones have a broad surface and serve as places of attachment for muscles and to protect vital organs
I.e. Scapula, cranial bones, sternum
What are irregular bones and 3 examples of it?
Irregular bones do not fall into any category due to their non-uniform shape.
Vertebrae, Coccyx, sacrum
What are sesamoid bones and 2 examples of it?
Sesamoid bones are usually short and irregular bones embedded in a tendon where it passes over a joint which serves to protect the tendon
Patella, Fabella
What are the 3 different types of joints?
Fibrous or immovable
Cartilaginous or slightly moveable
Synovial or freely moveable
What is a joint?
Joints occur when one or more bones meet. They can be fixed or can be moveable
What are fibrous joints? Example
Fibrous joints occur when bone ends are joined by strong, short bands or fibrous tissue. These joints do not allow for any movement to occur. I.e. the skull
What are cartilaginous joints? Example
Cartilaginous joints occur when the bones are separated by a disc or plate made up of tough fibrous cartilage. These joints are slightly moveable. I.e. joints of vertebrae or spine are separated by these
What are synovial joints? Example
Synovial joints allow for a range of movement through the synovial fluids found in cavities of synovial joints. These joints are freely moveable. I.e. Knees, elbows, shoulder
What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Examples of each
Plane (Inter-Tarsal joints)
Hinge (Elbow)
Pivot (C1 to C2 vertebral joints)
Ellipsoid/Condyloid (radius to carpal joints - wrist)
Saddle (Base of thumb)
Ball and Socket (Hip)
What are plane/gliding joints (as part of synovial joints)? Example
Plane joints are a type of structure in the body formed between two bones in which the free surfaces of the bones are flat or nearly flat, enabling the bones to slide over each other. This results in limited gliding movements.
I.e. Inter-Tarsal joints
What are Hinge joints (as part of synovial joints)? Example
The hinge joint is made up of two or more bones with articular (free) (I think) surfaces that are covered by cartilage and lubricated by synovial fluid. This allows for movement along one axis for flexion or extension
I.e. the knee, elbow, fingers
What are Ellipsoid/Condyloid joints (as part of synovial joints)? Example
These allow for rotational movements and some bending. Condyloid is the same as Ellipsoid but it doesn’t allow for rotation, but can still move forward to back and side to side (same as ellipsoid but ellipsoid allows rotation). Flexion and extension; abduction and adduction
I.e. the wrist joints
What are saddle joints (as part of synovial joints)? Example
These allow for same movements as the condyloid but no axial rotation (double check). The bones fit like a saddle and a rider. Movements through two planes but no axial. Circumduction; flexion and extension’ adduction and abduction
I.e. the thumb
What are ball and socket joints (as part of synovial joints)? Example
Allows for movement through three planes (Flexion, extension; abduction, adduction ; circumduction). Formed with the end of a bone (shaped like a ball) fitting into a cup like cavity of another bone.
I.e. the hip, shoulder
What different vertebrae make up the Vertebral Column and how many?
From top to bottom:
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5, fused)
Coccyx (4, fused)
What is a vertebrae?
Vertebrae are the 33 individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spinal column. The vertebrae are numbered and divided into regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
What does ‘Superior’ mean (Directional terms)? Example
Towards the head
I.e. chest is superior to the hip
What does ‘Inferior’ mean (Directional terms)? Example
Towards the feet
I.e. Foot is inferior to the leg
What does ‘Anterior’ mean (Directional terms)? Example
Towards the front
I.e. Breast is on thee anterior chest wall
What does ‘Posterior’ mean (Directional terms)? Example
Towards the back
I.e. Backbone is posterior to the heart
What does ‘Medial’ mean (Directional terms)? Example
Towards the midline of the body (drawn vertically)
I.e. The big toe is on the medial side of the foot
What does ‘Lateral’ mean (Directional terms)? Example
Towards the side of the body
I.e. Little toe is on the lateral side of the foot
What does ‘Proximal’ mean (Directional terms)? Example
Towards the body’s mass
I.e. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow
What does ‘Distal’ mean (Directional terms)? Example
Away from the body’s mass
I.e. The elbow is distal to the shoulder
Name the different bones of the skeletal system
Practice irl
Are the structures of synovial joints generally the same?
Yes. Roughly the same although slightly different in number of ligaments, tendons and other attributes
What are the common parts of each synovial joint (and the characteristics of those parts). (5)
Articular cartilage - Helps allow for smooth pain-free movement
Synovial membrane and joint cavity - Holds in the synovial fluid which provides lubricant for the joint to move smoothly and pain free
Joint Ligaments - Holds the 2 bones involved in the joint together and help to restrict movement of that joint to how the synovial joint moves
Muscle tendons - Next layer around joints and may have a bursa (pad for cushioning) between them and the joint to prevent wear and tear
Meniscus - Only with some joints. Provides an extra layer of cartilage that tries to provide cushioning within the joint.
Refer to ‘Diagram cheat sheet’ irl
What types of movements are possible for pivot joints? Examples
Rotational movements for flexion or extension
I.e. Radius, ulna, neck, C1 or C2 vertebral joints
What is extension? Examples of joints which can do extension and example of a situation?
Extension is the straightening or increasing the angle at a joint.
I.e. Elbows, knees, hips
Situation: Throwing shotput
What is Flexion? Examples of joints which can do extension and example of a situation?
In the limbs, flexion decreases the angle between the bones (bending of the joint).
I.e. knees, elbows
Situation: Doing bicep curls the elbow undergoes flexion
What is Adduction? Examples of joints which can do extension and example of a situation?
Adduction is moving a body part towards the centre or midline.
I.e. Shoulder, hip, wrist
Situation: Bringing knees together
What is Abduction? Examples of joints which can do extension and example of a situation?
Abduction is moving a body part away from the midline
I.e. Shoulder, hip, wrist
Situation: Swimming Breaststroke
What is Circumduction? Examples of joints which can do extension and example of a situation?
Circumduction is moving a joint in a circular motion. It can take place at joints that flex, extend, adduct and abduct
I.e. Shoulders, hips, wrist
Situation: Bowling in cricket
What is Dorsiflexion? Examples of joints which can do extension and example of a situation?
Dorsiflexion only takes place at one joint, and it involves moving the toe towards the shinbone
I.e. Ankle
Situation: During sprinting, dorsiflexion is good to land
What is plantarflexion? Examples of joints which can do extension and example of a situation?
Plantarflexion can only take place at one joint; it involves moving the toes away from the shinbone
I.e. Ankle
Situation: When jumping up, the ankle moves away from the shin to propel your body up
What are the three planes of the body?
Sagittal plane, Horizontal/Transverse Plane, Frontal/Coronal Plane
What is the Sagittal plane?
a vertical line which divides the body into a left section and a right section.
What is a Horizontal/Transverse Plane?
a horizontal line which divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.
What is a Frontal/Coronal Plane?
a vertical line which divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section.
What are the three types of muscles?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Are Smooth and Cardiac muscles involuntary or voluntary?
Involuntary. Examples of this include the heart, intestine and liver muscles in which we don’t control them, but they just involuntarily work to keep us alive.
What are skeletal muscles?
They’re the muscles that connect to your bones and allow you to perform a wide range of movements and functions. Skeletal muscles are voluntary, meaning you control how and when they work. These muscles are responsible for human movement.
What are smooth muscles?
Smooth muscle can be described as an involuntary, non-striated muscle. Smooth muscle consists of thick and thin filaments that are not arranged into sarcomeres giving it a non-striated pattern. Appears homogenous
What are sacromeres?
A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle fibre
What are cardiac muscles?
Cardiac muscle is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in the heart and is responsible for the ability of the heart to pump blood
What is a striated muscle (tissue)?
muscle tissue that is marked by transverse dark and light bands, is made up of elongated usually multinucleated fibres, and includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
How do muscles work?
They work by creating tension that causes change within the cell. This tension created causes muscles to shorten, lengthen or remain the same length. This is otherwise known as muscle contraction. The tendons of shortened muscles pull on bones in the direction of the contraction, thus producing movement
What are the different muscles in the body ?
Revise
What is an agonist muscle?
The muscle that is responsible for contracting is called the agonist muscl
What is an antagonist muscle?
The muscle that is responsible for relaxing and lengthening in response to the agonist
Give an example of agonist and antagonist muscles working together.
An example is the flexion of the elbow, in which the biceps become the agonist (because they contract) and the triceps become the antagonist (because they relax and lengthen). This can also be seen vice versa in the extension of the elbow
What are stabilisers?
Stabilisers are muscles which assist agonist and antagonist muscles in producing movements at a joint. This is because for effective movement, the joint has to be stable. Stabilising muscles may contract statically to hold parts of the body around the joint still.
What are concentric contractions? Give an example.
Concentric contractions are where muscles shorten to move a load. An example of this is when lifting weights, there is the concentric contraction of the biceps brachii
What are eccentric contractions? Give an example.
Eccentric contractions are where muscles lengthen to move a load. An example of this is the eccentric contraction of the biceps brachii when doing the ‘lowering’ part of a bicep curl
What are isometric contractions? Give an example.
This is where muscle tension says constant and the muscle doesn’t change lengths. An example of this is holding a dumbbell in a constant/static position. Another example is doing a calf stretch against a wall.
What does contractibility mean?
Ability for a muscle to contract or shorten in length when stimulated
What does extensibility mean?
Ability for a muscle to extend or lengthen when stimulated
What does excitability mean?
Ability of the muscle to collect and acknowledge stimuli
What does excitability mean?
Ability of a muscle to return to it’s resting state after lengthening or shortening has occurred.
What are slow twitch (red fibres) muscle types
These muscles contract slowly, produce less force, fatigue slowly and are most suitable for aerobic activities and events
What are fast twitch (white fibres) muscle types
These muscles contract quickly, produce a lot of force, fatigue quickly and are most suitable for anaerobic activities and events
What are the three basic functions that muscle tissue serve?
Produce movement to walk, run, jump, breathe, digest and excrete
Provide stabilisation of posture and internal organs
Generate heat to maintain body temperature
What is a muscle origin?
The muscle’s point of attachment to the more stationary bone// Most cases, this point is near the trunk
What is a muscle inseretion?
The insertion of a muscle is the point of attachment at the moveable end of the bone. This end tends to be away from the body’s main mass
What is muscle action?
Muscle action refers to movement made at the joint where the muscle contracts
What is the principal of reciprocal inhibition?
It states that while the agonist muscle is contracting, a message is sent at the same time to the opposing muscle group to relax. This allows for smooth and efficient movement to occur. Without this process, both muscles would be contracting at the same time, and the weaker of the two could possibly tear.
WHat are the different muscles?
Revise irl
What is the FITT principle? (what does it stand for)
F - Frequency
I - Intensity
T - Time
T - Type of training
What dos the FITT principle of Frequency mean?
Refers to how many times in a week we train. For improvement to occur, individuals must train at least 3 times a week. The aim is for training sessions to sufficiently stress the body system (causing adaptation)
What does the FITT principle of Intensity mean?
Refers to how hard we work during each training session or amount of effort required to accrue a fitness benefit. Intensity has to be sufficient enough to keep heart rate within the target heart rate zone
What does the FITT principle of Time mean?
Refers to the period of time that you exercise for continuously
What does the FITT principle of Type mean?
The type of training refers to the method used to improve fitness.
What is the typical FITT principle for someone trying to improve aerobic fitness? (2)
Frequency - 3 or more days
Intensity - 60-85% MHR
Time - 20+ mins
Type - Aerobic
For best improvements in VO2 max:
Frequency - 4+ times a week
Intensity - 90-100% MHR
Time - 35-45 mins
Type Aerobic interval training methods
What is the typical FIIT principle for someone trying to improve anaerobic fitness?
Frequency - 1-2 times a week
Intensity - 80-100% MHR
Time - 10-20 mins
Type - Anaerobic interval training methods
What are biomechanics?
Is the science conceerned with forces and the effect of these forces on and within the human body
Why is having a knowledge in biomechanics good?
Allows us to choose the best technique to achieve best performance
Reduce the risk of injury
Design and use equipment
What is motion?
Motion is the movement of the body from one position to another
What are the three categories of motion?
Linear
Angular
General
What is linear motion?
It is movement in a straight line. It takes place when a body and all parts connected to it travel the same distance in the same direction and at the same speed
What is angular motion?
The motion of a body about a fixed point or axis. It plays a dominant role because most of an athlete’s movements result from the swinging, turning action of athlete’s limbs
What are examples of angular motion?
Rotating
Spinning
Circling
Turning
What is velocity?
Velocity is the displacement of an object over time and includes direction
How do you calculate velocity?
Displacement/time
What is displacement?
The movement of a body from one location to another in a particular direction. It can also be referred to as ‘as the crow flies’ measurement
How do you calculate speed?
Speed = distance/time
What is acceleration?
Acceleration is referred to as the rate of change in velocity
What is momentum?
The quantity of motion the body possesses
How is momentum calculated?
Momentum = mass x velocity (M = mv)
Why is knowing about momentum important?
It can be applied to various impact or collision situations
What is the centre of gravity?
The centre of gravity (COG) of an object is the point at which all the weight is evenly distributed and about which the object is balanced
What are examples of static balance?
Head and handstands. Requires manipulation of the COG
What are examples of dynamic balance?
Moving activities such as skiing and surfing. Requires skilful control of the COG
What is the line of gravity?
An imaginary vertical line passing through the COG and extending to the ground. Indicates that gravity is acting on the body.
What causes instability, with reference to COG and line of gravity?
The closer the line of gravity moves to the outer limits of the base of support, the less stable we become.
What is the base of support?
Refers to an imaginary area that surrounds the outside edge of the body when it is in contact with a surface. It affects our stability or our ability to control equilibrium.
Why is a wide base of support necessary?
Essential for stability because the COG is located well within the boundaries
What are fluid mechanics? Why is it important to understand?
Fluid mechanics are concerned with properties of gases and liquids. An understanding of fluid mechanics is important for performance improvement because physical activities such as running, throwing and swimming all take part in fluid environments
What is required for an object to float in water?
Must be less dense (mass per unit of volume) than water
What is required for an object to float?
An object floats when the weight force on the object is balanced by the upward push of the water on the object. The upwards push of the water increases with the volume of the object that is under water.
Basically when buoyant force = centre of mass it will float
What is the centre of buoyancy?
It is the centre point of the mass below the water and is the point which the buoyant force acts
What is required for the object to not rotate in water?
Buoyant force must pass through the centre of mass of the object, if they don’t line up, the object rotates until they do, so that one end of the object will sink further while the other end raises
What is required for an object to have less gravitational force ?
The water it displaces must be less dense than the water
How have principles of fluid mechanics influenced changes in movement and performance? (I.e. technique modification, clothing/suits, equipment/apparatus)
It has allowed for the development of different clothes or equipment which take advantage of buoyancy to travel faster. This includes the Speedo LZR Racer Suit, and changes in surfboard technology
What is fluid resistance?
Refers to the forces a fluid places on a moving object in the opposite direction to the movement, it also known as drag.
What is drag caused by?
Pressure
Friction
What is pressure drag?
The force created by the changes in pressure of the fluid as the object moves. An example is when there is skydiving, where athletes use pressure drag to control the fall and then release parachute
What is friction caused by?
Caused by friction between the air particles moving past the object and the surface of the object
What are examples of technique modification, clothing/suits, equipment/apparatus which improve performance?
Changes in technique such as curved free kick or use of top and back spin in tennis
Athlete’s streamline their body in water
Clothing modifications such as full length body suits in swimming and sprinting which reduce drag
What is the magnus effect?
Explains why spinning objects such as cricket and golf balls deviate from their normal flight paths. States that according to the direction of the spin, the object’s movement is affected
Explain topspin
Topspin occurs when a ball or object rotates forward on its horizontal axis causing it to drop sharply.
Explain Backspin
Backspin is the opposite and occurs when a ball or object
rotates backwards, causing it to fall slowly at the end of flight.
Both topspin and backspin shorten the flight of the ball.
Explain Sidespin
Sidespin refers to rotation around a vertical axis, causing the ball or object to curve left or right during flight.
What are Newton’s three laws of motion?
An object will remain at rest or in constant velocity until a force acts upon it
to change the velocity.
when a force acts on an object the change in the movement will be as
large as the force and in the direction of the force.
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that when a force is applied to an
object, the object applies the same force upon that which is applying the original force, but in the opposite
direction.
What is a force?
It is the push or pull acting on a body
What are internal forces?
Those that develop within thee body. For example, there is the contraction of muscle groups causing a joint angle to decrease
What are external forces?
These forces come from outside the body and act on it in one way or another. I.e. gravity
What are applied forces?
Forces generated by muscles working on joints. Applied forces are forces applied to surfaces such as a running track. When this happens, similar forces oppose it from outside of the body. This is called a reaction force
What are reaction forces?
They are equal and opposite forces exerted in response to applied forces
How are forces exered on the body absorbed?
Absorbed through the joints which bend or flex in response to impact. Joint flexion helps prevent injury to surrounding tissues. It transfers the forces to our muscles, whereas contractions in the opposite direction absorb thee force
What are two examples of applying force on an object?
Applying force on a shotput throughout their legs, torso and body.
Applying force through a tackle. Athlete applies force to bring player to the ground
What are the three principles to remember with the application of forces on an object?
The quantity of force applied to the object is important - greater force=greater acceleration of object
If mass of object is increased, more force is needed to move the object the same distance
Objects of greater mass require more force to move than objects of smaller masses
What is a centripetal force?
It is a force directed towards the centre of a rotating body
What is a centrifugal force?
It is a force directed away from the centre of a rotating body
