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PDHPE Year 11 > First Aid > Flashcards

First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Is it essential that your life and safety aren’t placed at risk?

A

Yes it is essential, you yourself must not become a victim

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2
Q

How do you approach a life threatning situation?

A

Approach the situation and remain alert to possible environmental hazards that may have contributed to the accident or occurrence

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3
Q

What does the Royal Life Saving Society Australia suggest that all first aid treatment is based on?

A

Common sense

Knowledge

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4
Q

What are the 6 procedures which are recommended to follow during an emergency? (in a row)

A

Requesting a phone

Contacting emergency services

Direct people for help

Instruct people how to give CPR

Observe those in shock

Request assistance with bandaging/bleeding control/splints/slings etc.

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5
Q

What does DRSABCD stand for?

A 
Danger
Response
Send for help
Airway
Breathing
CPR
Defibrillation
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6
Q

What does danger mean from DRSABCD?

A

Ensure the area is safe for yourself, others and the patient

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7
Q

What does response mean from DRSABCD?

A

Check for response (i.e. ask name, squeeze shoulders). If there is no response, send for help, if there is a response, monitor the response and make comfortable

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8
Q

What does airway mean from DRSABCD?

A

Open the mouth, and if foreign material is present, place in the recovery position, and clear airway with fingers

Open the airway by tilting head with chin lift

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9
Q

What is the recovery position?

A

a position used in first aid to prevent choking in unconscious patients, in which the body is placed facing downwards and slightly to the side, supported by the bent limbs.

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10
Q

How do you manage a conscious patient?

A

Treat shock, bleeding, fractures and other injuries

Placing the patient in a comfortable position

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11
Q

How do you manage an unconscious victim?

A

They must be handled very gently, and care must bee taken to avoid twisting or forward movement of the head or neck to prevent or minimise a neck injury

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12
Q

How do you place a patient into the recovery position?

A

Lean across patient and grasp arm on their far side, and extend this arm out from the body

Take thee patient’s nearest arm and place this across their chest so that their hand rests on the shoulder of the arm that is extended

Place your hand that is nearest to the patient’s leg behind their knee while supporting the shoulders with the other hand, and lift the leg until the foot is flat on the floor

Using both hands, roll the patient away from you and on to their side. Lower arm should still be outstretched. The upper leg should roll across and onto the floor. Neck needs to be supported

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13
Q

What is the STOP acronym?

A

Stop further activity from taking place

Talk and ask questions

Observe the injured area

Prevent further injury

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14
Q

What does CPR stand for?

A

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

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15
Q

How do you conduct CPR?

A

Locate the compression point (centre point of chest)

Conduct 5 cycles of 30 compressions and two breaths in two minutes if possible

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16
Q

What are the five steps in performing the chest compressions?

A
  1. Place heel of hand at centre of the victim’s chest
  2. Press down so you compress the chest - be smooth and rhythmical- 1/3 of chest depth
  3. Rate of 30 compressions, 2 breaths
  4. Apply pressure directly over chest not at an angle
  5. Allow chest to recoil after compression
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17
Q

What are the steps for CPR on a baby?

A
  1. Keep head in neutral position
  2. Rate of 30 compressions and 2 breaths
  3. Breaths should be a light puff only
  4. Cover the mouth and nose for the breaths
  5. Chest compressions with two fingers

Depth of compression should be 1/3 of chest depth

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18
Q

What are the steps for CPR of a child?

A
  1. Slight head tilt
  2. Rate of 30 compressions and two breaths
  3. One hand for compressions
  4. 1/3 of chest depth
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19
Q

Is treating bleeding more important than resuscitation?

A

No

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20
Q

How do you manage body fluids when someone is bleeding?

A

Personal protection such as gloves, sterile dressings and disposable equipment

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21
Q

How do you tell if an artery has been damaged?

A

Blood will be bright red and may spurt. This is life threatening

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22
Q

How do you tell if a vein has been damaged?

A

Blood will be darker and the flow is not as forceful. This is life threatening

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23
Q

How do you tell if a capillary has been damaged?

A

Blood will ooze

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24
Q

How do you manage a bleeding crisis?

A

Use PER

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25
Q

What does PER stand for?

A

Pressure - Apply pressure to wound to restrict flow of blood

Elevation - Raise affected limb above the level of the heart

Rest

Also monitor the patient’s vital signs and signs of shock and seek medical assistance

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26
Q

What is shock?

A

Shock is a critical condition brought on by the sudden drop in blood flow through the body.

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27
Q

What are the four signs of shock?

A

Pale, clammy skin, rapid or weak pulse

Rapid shallow breathing

Collapsed altered state of consciousness

Thirst

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28
Q

How do you manage for shock? (7 + 1)

A

Call for urgent medical assistance

Elevate the patient’s legs so they are above the level of
the heart

Treat the cause of the shock if possible (e.g. wounds,
burns)

Altered state of consciousness – if breathing and
unconscious, place in recovery position

Reassure

Monitor closely

Try and keep body temperature stable; if cold, cover with blankets

If face is pale, raise the tailbone

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29
Q

Should spinal injuries be treated seriously?

A

Yes, it can result in permanent damage, where organs below the site of damaged spinal cord can’t receive signals and therefore won’t function. Immobilisation or minimal movement is necessary for potential spinal injuries

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30
Q

What are the signs of spinal injury? (6)

A

Pain at the site

Being able to recount the events leading to the injury

Loss of movement

Sensation of tingling in hands or feet

Bump or lump on the backbone

Onset of shock

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31
Q

How do you manage spinal injuries? (6)

A

Immobilisation of patient and placing a possible pad around the neck
and back of the patient

Seek urgent medical assistance

Monitor/treat for shock

DRSABCD

Support the head at all times

Maintain body heat

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32
Q

If a patient receives a neck and spinal injury, should you move the casualty?

A

Only if they have to be moved because of a life threatening situation

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33
Q

How do you take care of an unconscious casualty?

A

First consideration - ensure no further injury occurs

Recovery position - They are on their side, with the head tilted slightly back (for a clear airway) and slightly downwards (to ensure any fluids escape from the mouth)

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34
Q

How do you clear airways?

A

Lower the person on his or her back onto the floor, arms to the side. Clear the airway. If a blockage is visible at the back of the throat or high in the throat, reach a finger into the mouth and sweep out the cause of the blockage.

35
Q

What are soft tissue injuries?

A

Soft tissue injuries occur when the body’s muscles, tendons or ligaments experience a degree of trauma.

36
Q

What are three examples of soft tissue injuries?

A

Contusions
Strains
Sprains

37
Q

What are contusions?

A

They are basically bruises which is the result of trauma to the skin which causes damage to underlying blood vessels. The amount of discolouration under the skin depends upon size and number of blood vessels disrupted

38
Q

What are strains?

A

Strains occur when a muscle is exposed to a greater workload than is normally encountered and is stretched beyond its normal limit. It happens when a muscle comes under stress before properly warmed up as well.

39
Q

What are sprains?

A

A sprain occurs at a joint and is normally associated with the
stretching of that joint beyond its normal range of movement,
often causing the ligaments to stretch and sometimes tear.

40
Q

What are six symptoms of soft tissue injuries?

A 
Pain
Bruising
Swelling
Loss of Motion
Deformity
Shock
41
Q

What method can you use to manage soft tissue injuries?

A

RICER principle

42
Q

What does the RICER principle stand for and state

A

Rest - The injured part

Ice - An ice pack or cold compress should be applied to the injured site. Do not apply
directly to the skin, but wrap in a damp cloth. The ice should be applied for 10 to 20
minutes every 2 hours.

Compression - Apply a compression bandage to the injured site

Elevation - The injured area should be elevated

Referral - If unsure of the extent of the injury, medical advice should be sought

43
Q

What are dislocations?

A

They are injuries to joints where one bone is displaced from another. It can be caused by direct trauma or abnormal twisting, resulting in a displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint

44
Q

What are the three symptoms of dislocation?

A

Pain
Deformity
Loss of motion

45
Q

Where are three common sites of dislocation?

A

Fingers
Shoulders
Patella

46
Q

Should you attempt to relocate a displaced bone?

A

No, only a doctor can attempt to relocate the bone

47
Q

What are hard tissue injuries?

A

Hard tissue injuries involve damage to the bones or teeth and are caused as a direct result of force applied to the body, resulting in fractures, dislocations and other breakages.

48
Q

What are fractures?

A

A fracture is a break in a bone. Sometimes the fracture may be
a single, clean break or there may be several breaks.

49
Q

What are four causes of fractures?

A

Direct force-bone is broken at site of impact

Abnormal muscle contraction

Indirect force-bone breaks some distance from the point of impact

Diseased bone

50
Q

What are 7 symptoms of fractures?

A

Pain at the site of injury

Inability to move injured part or unnatural movement of injured part

Deformity of injured part

Swelling and discolouration

Grating of bones

Tenderness

Possible shock

51
Q

What are the three types of fractures?

A

Closed (simple)

Open (compound)

Complicated

52
Q

What are closed (simple) fractures?

A

The bone is fractured but there is no cut or wound at the fracture site, and the bleeding remains concealed beneath the skin

53
Q

What are open (compound) fractures?

A

The end of the fractured bones protrudes through the skin. Here, there is visible external bleeding, and infections may enter the body and the bone

54
Q

What are complicated fractures?

A

The fractured bone damages the local tissues (i.e. organs)

55
Q

What is the treatment for someone who has a fractur who is responsive

A

Conduct a Primary Survey and act accordingly

Prevent movement at site

Immobilise the joint above and below the fracture site, if possible.

If necessary, splint in position of comfort for the victim.

Do not attempt to realign a badly deformed limb

Where possible, an immobilised fractured limb should be elevated to reduce pain
and swelling.

Treat for shock

Support a fractured jaw with the hand. If necessary, pull the lower jaw forward to
keep the airway open.

56
Q

What are full arm slings?

A

An arm sling holds the forearm in a raised or horizontal position and can support an injured upper arm, forearm and wrist.

57
Q

When should you use full arm slings?

A

Injuries to the forearm and/or wrist

58
Q

How do you apply a full arm sling? (5)

A

Support the injured forearm approximately parallel
to the ground with the wrist slightly higher than the
elbow

Place an opened triangular bandage between the
body and the arm, with its apex towards the elbow

Extend the upper point of the bandage over the
shoulder on the uninjured side

Bring the lower point up over the arm, across the
shoulder on the injured side to join the upper point and tie firmly.

Ensure the elbow is secured by folding the excess bandage over the elbow and securing with a safety pin

59
Q

What are elevation slings

A

This type of sling supports the forearm and hand in a raised position, with the fingertips touching the casualty’s shoulder. This sling can help to control bleeding and minimise swelling in the forearm or hand.

60
Q

When should you use elevation slings?

A

Injuries to the shoulder and collar bone

61
Q

What are collar and cuff slings?

A

A Collar and Cuff is a loop of foam-based bandage that is suitable for use as an arm sling. It offers more versatility for the patient than the broad-arm sling, thus more suitable for combining with a forearm or upper arm cast.

62
Q

When should you use collar and cuff slings?

A

Injuries to the upper arm or clavicle

63
Q

If a person is unconscious and you need to get consent for treatment, who do you go to?

A

Family

64
Q

What is the good Samaritan law?

A

Good Samaritan laws offer legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those who are, or whom they believe to be injured, ill, in peril, or otherwise incapacitated.

65
Q

What does it mean by the concept of common sense vs heroics

A

I.e. don’t try saving someone from water if you cant drown. Basically use common sense when saving people

66
Q

What 5 things should you report to emergency services?

A

Exact location of accident

Number of casualties

Number of casualties

Type of accident

Injuries

hat special services may need to attend the site

67
Q

What 6 other dangers should you look out for in an accident?

A

Fallen wires

Fuel

Explosive gases

Shattered glass or sharp debris

Rips in water

Fire

68
Q

How should you control traffic accidents? (6)

A

Avoid danger from other traffic – use hazard lights, use bystanders to aid with approaching traffic etc

Light up the scene with headlights (low beam)

Account for all occupants of each accident vehicle. Some occupants may be hidden behind debris or thrown
from the vehicle

Turn off the car engine where possible

Have fire extinguishers ready (if available)

Once the accident site is secure, continue with DRSABCD and injury management.

69
Q

Under what conditions are you allowed to remove the casualty from a vehicle?

A

There is evidence of increasing shock and the casualty is upright in the car

The casualty is unconscious and an adequate airway cannot be maintained

The casualty’s position prevents access to control bleeding

There is danger of fire

CPR needs to be commenced and the casualty is not in a position to do so

70
Q

What is the general rule for removing casualties in cars?

A

Don’t do it unless necessary and only do it if certain conditions are met

71
Q

What are some factors to consider in planning a water rescue? (7)

A

The number of casualties

Distance from the shore

The water depth and temperature

What rescue equipment is available

The physical and psychological state of the casualty and their swimming ability

Rips or currents at the beach

Hidden dangers under the water

72
Q

What are some protective strategies for managing electrical accidents? (3)

A

Not touching cars or objects that are in contact with fallen power lines

Turning power off at the source

Removing live power cords with non conducting material

73
Q

Is there a risk of cross infection when administering first aid?

A

Yes

74
Q

What kinds of illnesses can be transferred? (5)

A

Colds and influenza

HIV/AIDS

Glandular fever

Measles

Chickenpox

75
Q

What is a way to prevent infection?

A

Use hygienic practices and create a barrier so that the infection can’t pass from one person to another (I.e. Resuscitation mask)

76
Q

How should you prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS?

A

Make sure that you don’t have any open wounds in contact with the other infected person being treated

Cover sores, grazes, cuts, abrasions or incisions of any nature that exposes anyone’s blood

Cover the face of an unconscious person with a face mask before administrating CPR (or do compressions
only)

Wash hands and any surfaces of the body that have made contact with the casualty with soap and warm
water asap following treatment

77
Q

What are first aiders expected to do (i.e. people who have first aid qualifications)? (5)

A

Use reasonable care in assessing the priorities of the situation based on their level of training

Take steps to call for further medical assistance

Keep the casualty stabilised until medical assistance arrives

Follow established treatment and management protocols

Not misrepresent themselves or take unnecessary risks.

78
Q

Does a first aider need to seek consent before touching victims?

A

Yes. If victim is unconscious or unable to communicate, consent is assumed, if not get family

79
Q

What written records should first aiders have? (5)

A

Date

Time of incident

Factual explanation

Advice given

Details of witnesses if
any were present

These are all required in the court of law

80
Q

What does responsible citizenship suggest about giving help and assistance?

A

Have to do it to the best of our ability

81
Q

Is common sense or heroics better?

A

Common sense

82
Q

What is debriefing?

A

Involves obtaining information about the circumstances of the incident
that resulted in first aid being administered. The rescuer/s may be required to give an account of what happened and describe
as precisely as possible the nature of the incident.

83
Q

Why do rescuers involved in emergency procedures need counselling?

A

Providing emergency care, organising help and possibly watching life slip away can
be very upsetting for individuals and result in personal pain. This can lead to
anxiety, depression and possibly an inability to cope.

Counselling is beneficial as it provides the opportunity to ‘work through’ situations
and dispel feelings of blame and inadequacy.

Emergency first aid may provide an opportunity for a life or lives to be saved.
However, if life is lost, rescuers should not feel that the blame rests with them if they
acted in accordance with their training and ability level.

84
Q

HOW DO YOU MANAGE THESE VARIOUS INJURIES

A

YES

PDHPE Year 11 (7 decks)

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