Topic: Theories Of Psychological Development

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Occurs when incoming information is received by sensory receptors.

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

The selecting, organising and interpreting of the sensations that are sent to the brain from the senses.

Question 3

Orienting response

Answer 3

Turning of the head or body towards a sight, sound or other stimulus

Question 4

Tracking

Answer 4

The moving of eyes to follow an object

Question 5

Visual preference method

Answer 5

The preferential looking technique

Question 6

Habituation

Answer 6

When a person stops looking at something due to loss of interest

Question 7

Dishabituation

Answer 7

The shifting of interest and attention from an old stimulus to a new stimulus

Question 8

New borns sensory capabilities

Answer 8

Can sense all five senses

Question 9

Development of vision during infancy

Answer 9

Unable to use visual accommodation, limited visual acuity and have problems seeing colours

Question 10

Depth perception

Answer 10

The ability to judge 3D space and distance using cues in the environment.

Question 11

Gibson and walks visual cliff study

Answer 11

Investigated depth perception of infants and discovered that infants as young as six months usually hesitate to walk over the visual cliff

Question 12

Emotional development

Answer 12

The learning of types of emotions and how to deal with them throughout the life span.

Question 13

Attachment

Answer 13

A strong, close and emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.

Question 14

Bowlby’s theory of attachment

Answer 14

Attachment develops in a series of phases

Question 15

Mary ainsworths attachment styles

Answer 15

Type a (insecure): mother is not a secure base
Type b (secure): mother is a safe base 
Type c (ambivalent): mother is unreliable

Question 16

Harlow

Answer 16

Discovered that feeding and nourishment do not create attachment and that contact comfort is mote important.

Question 17

Cognitive development

Answer 17

The development of mental abilities throughout the lifespan

Question 18

Piagets four stages of cognitive development

Answer 18

1. Sensory motor (0-2)
2. Properational (2-7)
3. Concrete (7-12)
4. Formal (12+)

Question 19

Assimilation

Answer 19

New experiences are combined with existing schemas

Question 20

Accomodation

Answer 20

New situations, objects or information are encountered and a persons schema is either modified or new schema is created

Question 21

Egoscentric

Answer 21

Unable to understand viewpoints other than their own

Question 22

Object permanence

Answer 22

Object still exists when hidden

Question 23

Symbolic thoughts

Answer 23

Mental images that represent objects and functions. This allows children to participate in make believe play.

Question 24

Lack of conservation

Answer 24

Inability to understand that objects stay the same despite changes in their appearance

Question 25

Animism

Answer 25

Belief that inanimate objects are real

Question 26

Lack of operation of class inclusion

Answer 26

Being only able to focus on the visibility of obvious classes and disregard less obvious ones

Question 27

Internalisation

Answer 27

Social interactions become part of a childs mental functions

Question 28

Hypothetical thought

Answer 28

The exploration of possibilities and outcomes of a scenario without the scenario actually occurring

Question 29

Criticisms of piagets theory

Answer 29

• children can gain cognitive skills at an earlier age than what he predicted
• different cultures can influence cognitive development
• conducted his tests on his own children so his methodology was questioned

Question 30

Perceptual development

Answer 30

The part of cognitive development that lets children start interpreting sensory input