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Biochem/MolecularBIO/Biology > Topic Science Assess > Flashcards

Topic Science Assess Flashcards

1
Q

Class of enzymes that breaks molecules apart w/o using water

A

lyases

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2
Q

enzymes that catalyze redox reactions

A

oxidoreductases

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3
Q

enzymes that catalyze decomposition of a molecule using water

A

hydrolases

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4
Q

the complexes formed when enzymes bind their cofactors

A

Holoenzyme

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5
Q

the inactive precursor form of enzymes

A

Proenzyme/zymogenthe inactive precursor form of enzymes

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6
Q

the different structural forms of enzymes that have the same function

A

isozyme

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7
Q

denatured enzyme

A

enzymes that have lost their tertiary and quaternary structures

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8
Q

Michaelis constant

A

Km = the substrate concentration at which half the enzyme’s active sites are bound

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9
Q

Relationship b/t Km and enzyme/substrate affinity

A

Larger Km = less affinity

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10
Q

How is the speed of an enzyme’s reaction related to Km and vmax

A

It is not related to Km but is directly proportional to Vmax

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11
Q

structural protein that’s the primary component of the extracellular matrix

A

Collagen

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12
Q

found primarily in skin, hair, and dead tissue

A

Keratin

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13
Q

Found in microfilaments and is the most common protein in most living human cells

A

actin

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14
Q

Which technique is most useful in determining the primary structure of a protein?

A

Edman degradation

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15
Q

Which technique uses blue dye to determine protein concentration

A

Bradford protein assay

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16
Q

Which technique is used to determine the 3D structure of a protein?

A

X-ray crystallography

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17
Q

Gabriel reaction

A

used to synthesize amino acids

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18
Q

(R)/(S) is based on … D/L is based on … (+)/(-) is based on…

A

(R)/(S) is based on absolute structure. D/L is based on the relationship to glyceraldehyde (+)/(-) is based on the rotation of light.

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19
Q

How would you reduce a ketone?

A

use a tautomerization reaction

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20
Q

Conversion between α and β anomie’s =

A

mutarotation

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21
Q

replacement of an OH side group in a carboxylic acid with an OR group =

A

esterification

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22
Q

In compounds, how do you tell which compound has the highest melting point?

A

Most Cs and most Hs = highest melting point

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23
Q

Why are fats a better energy source than carbohydrates?

A

The carbon in lipids has a lower oxidation state than carbohydrates

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24
Q

what do you know about histones? (4)

A

exterior has a high proportion of (+) side chains; forms an october; the nucleosome has about 200 base pairs wrapped around a histone core; and they are highly conserved across species

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25
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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26
Q

What class of enzymes differ between DNA and RNA

A

RNA doesn’t have ligases because it doesn’t have a lagging strand.

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27
Q

The currently accepted model for the structure and basic function of biological membranes is the

A

Fluid mosaic model

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28
Q

model for enzyme activity

A

induced fit model

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29
Q

model for contraction of muscle cells

A

sliding filament model

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30
Q

Cerebrosides and gangliosides are best characterized as:

A

sphingolipids

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31
Q

The movement of sodium and potassium by the sodium potassium pump is an example of…

A

primary active transport

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32
Q

Glucose enters muscle cells from the blood primarily by:

A

facilitated diffiusion

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33
Q

Besides AP, products of reactions int eh glycolytic pathway include

A

ADP and NADH

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34
Q

Which monosaccharide can’t be used to produce energy via the glycolytic pathway

A

Mannose

35
Q

location of pyruvate dehydrogenase in enzymes

A

mitochondrial matrix

36
Q

location of citrate synthase in enzymes

A

mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

location of cytochrome c oxidase in enzymes

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

38
Q

location of pyruvate kinase in enzymes

A

cytoplasm

39
Q

oxaloacetate, the precursor of citrate in the citric acid cycle has ___ carbons

A

4

40
Q

Micelle

A

A single-layered structure w/ hydrophilic groups pointing outward

41
Q

Ratio of lipid to protein (high to low)

A

chylomicrons > VLDL > LDL > HDL

42
Q

β-oxidation

A

Fatty acid loses a two-carbon group; takes places in the mitochondria

43
Q

Minimum energy a biochemical reaction must release in order for it to be coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate

A

30 kJ/mol 7 kcal/mol

44
Q

Things necessary for something to function

A

cofactor

45
Q

Translated and transcribed in a normal fashion, but with some change in amino acid sequence = ____ mutation

A

missense

46
Q

Prematurely truncates a protein, often leaving it completely non-functional = ____ mutation

A

nonsense mutation

47
Q

These mutations cause sufficient disruptions of a protein as to render it nonfunctional

A

Frameshift mutation

48
Q

Cells that line most organs

A

epithelial cells

49
Q

cells of the kidney are derived from the ___derm

A

mesoderm

50
Q

Affect of ADH on water reabsorption

A

direct relationship

51
Q

affect of aldosterone on water reabsorption

A

direct relationship

52
Q

Affect of ADH on urine volume

A

inverse

53
Q

Affect of aldosterone on urine volume

A

inverse

54
Q

Four tenets of cell theory

A

(1) all livings things made of cells
(2) cells = basic functional units of life
(3) cells arise only from other cells
(4) cells store info using nucleic acids

55
Q

Cell cycle: phase before G0

A

G1

56
Q

Pathway for sperm development

A

Seminiferous tubules to the epididymis

57
Q

Cells capable of becoming any cell type in the human body or even the placenta

A

Totipotent

58
Q

Fetus ductus arterisus

A

Reduce blood flow through lungs

59
Q

Oligodendrocytes are found in the… while Schwann cells are in the …

A

Oligodendrocytes = CNS

Schwann cells = PNS

60
Q

When an action potential is generated. the first thing that happens is…

A

Increased permeability Na+

61
Q

Steroid hormones most often bind…

A

to intracellular receptors of target cells

62
Q

Hormones that elevates calcium blood concentration

A

Parathyroid hormone (it causes osteoclasts in bone to break bone down [bone resorption] so that calcium is released into the blood])

63
Q

Menstrual cycle phase where progesterone is at the highest concentration?

A

Luteal phase

64
Q

In the nephron, what happens by increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water

A

concentrating the urine

65
Q

The collecting duct of the nephron is under ____ hormone control

A

ADH

66
Q

vitl capacity of the lungs

A

Max amount of air moved in a single resp. cycle

67
Q

Diaphragm relaxing = exhale or inhale?

A

exhale

68
Q

anatomical features of oxygen during inhalation

A

Pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchioles

69
Q

B- blood produces both:

A

B antigens and anti-Rh antibodies

70
Q

A person with “-“ blood produces…

A

Anti-Rh antibodies

71
Q

what is the relationship between carbon dioxide levels and carbonic acid levels in blood?

A

Direct

72
Q

An increase of blood carbon dioxide levels leads to a (increase/decrease) pH which (raises/lowers) the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

A

Increase in blood CO2 ->Decrease of pH -> lowers affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

73
Q

Transfer of genes from one bacterium to another using a viral vector

A

Transduction

74
Q

______ requires a sex pilus

A

Conjugation

75
Q

___ involvse the uptake of “naked” DNA through the cell membrane

A

Transformation

76
Q

____ are “jumping genes” that can insert and remove themselves from the genome; don’t require a vector

A

Transposons

77
Q

The osteoclasts in bones are best classified as:

A) B cells

B) T cells

C) Symbiotic bacteria

D) Macrophages

A

Macrophages

78
Q

Pathways of the complement system and what they require

A

Classical pathway =Antigen binding

Alternative pathway = Antibody-independent

79
Q

T cells that would react w/ self-proteins are normally inactivated in teh thymus. This occurs through:

A

Negative selection (cells that, when exposed to a self antigen, would produce an immune reponse are destroyed)

80
Q

Opsonization

A

Antibodies bind to a pathogen and recruit leukocytes to phagocytize those antigens

81
Q

Lacteals

A

small lymphatic vessels in digestive tract

82
Q

In adults, ligaments connect

A

bone to bone

83
Q

Founder effect

A

A change in gene frequencies when a small population is isolated from a larger population and therefore has a substantially different allele distribution

Biochem/MolecularBIO/Biology (12 decks)

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