Topic Science Assess Flashcards
Class of enzymes that breaks molecules apart w/o using water
lyases
enzymes that catalyze redox reactions
oxidoreductases
enzymes that catalyze decomposition of a molecule using water
hydrolases
the complexes formed when enzymes bind their cofactors
Holoenzyme
the inactive precursor form of enzymes
Proenzyme/zymogenthe inactive precursor form of enzymes
the different structural forms of enzymes that have the same function
isozyme
denatured enzyme
enzymes that have lost their tertiary and quaternary structures
Michaelis constant
Km = the substrate concentration at which half the enzyme’s active sites are bound
Relationship b/t Km and enzyme/substrate affinity
Larger Km = less affinity
How is the speed of an enzyme’s reaction related to Km and vmax
It is not related to Km but is directly proportional to Vmax
structural protein that’s the primary component of the extracellular matrix
Collagen
found primarily in skin, hair, and dead tissue
Keratin
Found in microfilaments and is the most common protein in most living human cells
actin
Which technique is most useful in determining the primary structure of a protein?
Edman degradation
Which technique uses blue dye to determine protein concentration
Bradford protein assay
Which technique is used to determine the 3D structure of a protein?
X-ray crystallography
Gabriel reaction
used to synthesize amino acids
(R)/(S) is based on … D/L is based on … (+)/(-) is based on…
(R)/(S) is based on absolute structure. D/L is based on the relationship to glyceraldehyde (+)/(-) is based on the rotation of light.
How would you reduce a ketone?
use a tautomerization reaction
Conversion between α and β anomie’s =
mutarotation
replacement of an OH side group in a carboxylic acid with an OR group =
esterification
In compounds, how do you tell which compound has the highest melting point?
Most Cs and most Hs = highest melting point
Why are fats a better energy source than carbohydrates?
The carbon in lipids has a lower oxidation state than carbohydrates
what do you know about histones? (4)
exterior has a high proportion of (+) side chains; forms an october; the nucleosome has about 200 base pairs wrapped around a histone core; and they are highly conserved across species
What are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
What class of enzymes differ between DNA and RNA
RNA doesn’t have ligases because it doesn’t have a lagging strand.
The currently accepted model for the structure and basic function of biological membranes is the
Fluid mosaic model
model for enzyme activity
induced fit model
model for contraction of muscle cells
sliding filament model
Cerebrosides and gangliosides are best characterized as:
sphingolipids
The movement of sodium and potassium by the sodium potassium pump is an example of…
primary active transport
Glucose enters muscle cells from the blood primarily by:
facilitated diffiusion
Besides AP, products of reactions int eh glycolytic pathway include
ADP and NADH
Which monosaccharide can’t be used to produce energy via the glycolytic pathway
Mannose
location of pyruvate dehydrogenase in enzymes
mitochondrial matrix
location of citrate synthase in enzymes
mitochondrial matrix
location of cytochrome c oxidase in enzymes
inner mitochondrial membrane
location of pyruvate kinase in enzymes
cytoplasm
oxaloacetate, the precursor of citrate in the citric acid cycle has ___ carbons
4
Micelle
A single-layered structure w/ hydrophilic groups pointing outward
Ratio of lipid to protein (high to low)
chylomicrons > VLDL > LDL > HDL
β-oxidation
Fatty acid loses a two-carbon group; takes places in the mitochondria
Minimum energy a biochemical reaction must release in order for it to be coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate
30 kJ/mol 7 kcal/mol
Things necessary for something to function
cofactor
Translated and transcribed in a normal fashion, but with some change in amino acid sequence = ____ mutation
missense
Prematurely truncates a protein, often leaving it completely non-functional = ____ mutation
nonsense mutation
These mutations cause sufficient disruptions of a protein as to render it nonfunctional
Frameshift mutation
Cells that line most organs
epithelial cells
cells of the kidney are derived from the ___derm
mesoderm
Affect of ADH on water reabsorption
direct relationship
affect of aldosterone on water reabsorption
direct relationship
Affect of ADH on urine volume
inverse
Affect of aldosterone on urine volume
inverse
Four tenets of cell theory
(1) all livings things made of cells
(2) cells = basic functional units of life
(3) cells arise only from other cells
(4) cells store info using nucleic acids
Cell cycle: phase before G0
G1
Pathway for sperm development
Seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
Cells capable of becoming any cell type in the human body or even the placenta
Totipotent
Fetus ductus arterisus
Reduce blood flow through lungs
Oligodendrocytes are found in the… while Schwann cells are in the …
Oligodendrocytes = CNS
Schwann cells = PNS
When an action potential is generated. the first thing that happens is…
Increased permeability Na+
Steroid hormones most often bind…
to intracellular receptors of target cells
Hormones that elevates calcium blood concentration
Parathyroid hormone (it causes osteoclasts in bone to break bone down [bone resorption] so that calcium is released into the blood])
Menstrual cycle phase where progesterone is at the highest concentration?
Luteal phase
In the nephron, what happens by increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water
concentrating the urine
The collecting duct of the nephron is under ____ hormone control
ADH
vitl capacity of the lungs
Max amount of air moved in a single resp. cycle
Diaphragm relaxing = exhale or inhale?
exhale
anatomical features of oxygen during inhalation
Pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchioles
B- blood produces both:
B antigens and anti-Rh antibodies
A person with “-“ blood produces…
Anti-Rh antibodies
what is the relationship between carbon dioxide levels and carbonic acid levels in blood?
Direct
An increase of blood carbon dioxide levels leads to a (increase/decrease) pH which (raises/lowers) the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Increase in blood CO2 ->Decrease of pH -> lowers affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Transfer of genes from one bacterium to another using a viral vector
Transduction
______ requires a sex pilus
Conjugation
___ involvse the uptake of “naked” DNA through the cell membrane
Transformation
____ are “jumping genes” that can insert and remove themselves from the genome; don’t require a vector
Transposons
The osteoclasts in bones are best classified as:
A) B cells
B) T cells
C) Symbiotic bacteria
D) Macrophages
Macrophages
Pathways of the complement system and what they require
Classical pathway =Antigen binding
Alternative pathway = Antibody-independent
T cells that would react w/ self-proteins are normally inactivated in teh thymus. This occurs through:
Negative selection (cells that, when exposed to a self antigen, would produce an immune reponse are destroyed)
Opsonization
Antibodies bind to a pathogen and recruit leukocytes to phagocytize those antigens
Lacteals
small lymphatic vessels in digestive tract
In adults, ligaments connect
bone to bone
Founder effect
A change in gene frequencies when a small population is isolated from a larger population and therefore has a substantially different allele distribution
