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Physics Paper 1 > Topic P4 > Flashcards

Topic P4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the atom and how did it develop further

A

Tiny sphere that can’t be broken up

–> Electron discovery

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2
Q

What is the structure of the plum pudding model and how did it develop further

A

Sphere of positive charge with negative electrons stuck in it

–> Alpha scattering experiment

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3
Q

What is the structure of the Nuclear model and how did it develop further

A

Positively charged nucleus surrounded by cloud of negative electrons

–> Niels Bohr’s theoretical calculations agreed with experimental data

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4
Q

What is the structure of the Bohr model1

A

Electrons orbit the nucleus at certain distances

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5
Q

How did the Bohr model develop

A

It was found the nucleus could be split into smaller particles

1) The positive proton was found
2) 20 years later nuetrons were proved by James Chadwick

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6
Q

What is the alpha particle experiment

A

Multiple alpha particles flew at a thin piece of gold foil and most passed through but a few deflected back

This showed:

  • Most of the mass of the atom was concentrated at the centre (nuckeus)
  • Nucleus is positively charged
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7
Q

How do electrons move between energy levels

A

Electrons can absorb EM radiation to move to higher energy levels

or Electrons can emit EM radiation to move to lower energy levels

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8
Q

What is the radius of the atom

A

radius = 1 x 10^-10 m

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9
Q

What is an isotope

A

An isotope are atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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10
Q

What is the mass number

A

The mass number is the top number

consists of the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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11
Q

What is the atomic number

A

The atomic number is the bottom number and it has number of protons in the nucleus
number of protons = number of electrons
- shows the charge of the nucleus

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12
Q

What is radioactive decay

A

When an unstable nucleus decays into another element and gives out radiation to become more stable

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13
Q

What is ionising radiation

A

Radiation that knocks electrons off of atoms, creating positive ions

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14
Q

what do unstable nuclei do

A

Unstable nuclei can also release neutrons when they decay

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15
Q

What is in an alpha particle

A

2 neutrons
2 protons
- called a helium nucleus

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16
Q

what are alpha particles absorbed by

A

sheet of paper

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17
Q

alpha particle range in air

A

few cm

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18
Q

how ionising is an alpha particle

A

very strong (most ionising)

19
Q

When are alpha particles used

A

In smoke detectors

20
Q

What is in a beta particle

A

fast moving electrons from nucleus

21
Q

What are beta particles absorbed by

A

Sheet of aliminuim

22
Q

beta particle range in air

A

few metres

23
Q

ioising power of beta particle

A

Moderately powerful

24
Q

When are beta particles used

A

Material thickness testing

25
Q

What is gamma particles made of

A

electromagnetic radiation from nucleus

26
Q

gamma particles absorbed by

A

Thick sheets of lead

27
Q

gamma particle range in air

A

Longer distances

28
Q

gamma particles ionising power

A

weak - least ionising

29
Q

Gamma particle exmaple of use

A

Medical tracers

30
Q

What happens to the atomic and mass number during alpha decay

A

mass number decreases

atomic number decreases

31
Q

What happens to the atomic and mass number during beta decay

A

mass number stays the same

atomic number increases

32
Q

What happens to the atomic and mass number during gamma decay

A

Mass number and atomic number stay the same

33
Q

What does activity mean

A

The rate at which a source decays

measured in becquerels (bq)

34
Q

What does count rate mean

A

The number of radiation counts reaching a detector per second

35
Q

What measures count rate

A

A Geiger-Muller tube and counter

36
Q

What is radioactive contamination

A

Getting unwanted radioactive atoms onto or into an object

37
Q

What does irradiation mean

A

The exposure of an object to nuclear radiation (doesn’t make the object radioactive)

38
Q

What are 3 precautions to protect against irradtiation

A

1) Keep sources in lead-lined boxes
2) Stand behind barriers or be in a different room to the source
3) Handle sources with remote controlled arms

39
Q

Is radioactive decay random - TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

40
Q

What is a half life

A

Time taken for the number of nuclei of an isotope in a sample to halve

41
Q

How to work out half life on graph

A

look at video

42
Q

Which are the most dangerous radiation particles to get in your body

A 
most = alpha particle 
least = gamma particle
43
Q

What is the most dangerouse radioactive particle to get outside your body

A 
Most = gamma 
least = alpha
44
Q

What is the risk of radiation

A

1) radiation can enter a living cell, ionising atoms within it
2) cells can be damaged and can multiply and become cancer
or
2) Cells can be killed

Physics Paper 1 (4 decks)

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