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Biology > Topic One > Flashcards

Topic One Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do you calculate a microscope magnification

A

You multiply the eyepiece lens by the objective lens

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2
Q

What was magnification of Hookes microscope

A

30x

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3
Q

What is resolution in microscope

A

The smallest distance between two points that can still be seen as two points

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4
Q

What is an electron microscope

A

A microscope that uses beams of electrons to pass through a specimen to build an image. These have really high magnification which means that the resolution is very clear

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5
Q

How many micro meters in 1 mm

A

1000 micro metres(µm)

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6
Q

How many nanometres in 1 mm

A

1,000,000

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7
Q

How many mm in 1metre

A

1000mm

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8
Q

How many pico meters in 1 mm

A

1,000,000,000

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9
Q

Robert Brown 1828

A

Examined cells from a surface of a leaf and noticed that they each contain a small blob. He called this the nucleus

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10
Q

A cell with a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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11
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell on separate one cell from another

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12
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm

A

Where the cells activities and reactions occur

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13
Q

What do mitochondria do

A

This is where aerobic respiration occurs and they provide energy

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14
Q

What does the nucleus do

A

The nucleus controls the cell and has DNA inside of it

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15
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

These make new proteins for a cell

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16
Q

What do animal cells have in them

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria.

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17
Q

What do plant cells have in them

A

Nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplast, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes.

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18
Q

Specialised cells

A

Are adapted to their function is

19
Q

How are the cells that line the small intestine adapted for digestion

A

They have microvilli which have lots of folds that increase the surface area of the cell which means that the absorption of molecules is faster.
The walls of the small intestine have muscles to squeeze food along.

These are adapted by having lots of mitochondria because they need energy

20
Q

How are pancreatic cells adapted for digestion

A

They have lots of ribosome is so that they can produce enzymes which are proteins

21
Q

How are gametes specialised for reproduction

A

Gametes just have one copy of the types of Chromosome. This means they are haploid cells, and can fuse to make a complete diploid egg

22
Q

How are the oviduct cells adapted for fertilisation

A

They have hair like cilia which wave from side to side that carry the egg along the oviduct.



23
Q

Cell without a nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

24
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a bacteria cell contain

A

One large loop of chromosomal DNA and smaller loops of DNA called plasmids which control a few of the cells activities. Bacteria cells don’t have mitochondria or chloroplasts

25
Q

What do bacteria cells have in them usually

A

Flagellum for movement
Plasmids and chromosomal DNA
Slime coat for protection
Flexible cell wall that’s not made out of cellulose for support
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm that has ribosomes in it

26
Q

What does protein breakdown into

A

Amino acids

27
Q

What does starch breakdown into

A

Glucose

28
Q

What do lipids breakdown into

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

29
Q

Describe an enzyme

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions. They work on substances called substrate and produce products. Enzymes are proteins.

30
Q

Amylase

A

Found in saliva and the small in testing and breaks down starch to small sugars like maltose

31
Q

Catalase

A

Found in most cells but especially in liver cells and breaks down hydrogen peroxide made in cell reactions to water and oxygen

32
Q

Carbohydrase

A

Breaks down carbohydrates into glucose

33
Q

Protease

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acid

34
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

35
Q

What is the test for starch

A

Iodine turns blue or black if it’s positive for starch from its original colour of orange
This is a qualitative test

36
Q

What is the test for sugar

A

Benedict’s solution turns green or orange or red depending on the amount of reducing sugar from its original colour of blue
This is a semi qualitative test

37
Q

What is the test for protein

A

Biuret turns different shades of violet depending on the quantity of protein in the substance this is a semi qualitative test
Biuret is blue originally

38
Q

What is the test for lipids or fat

A

The emotion test – dissolve fats and ethanol and then put into water it will turn cloudy if the fats are present

39
Q

What is calorimetry

A

When we heat food by burning and measure the energy released to figure out how much energy is in food. Energy transferred is equal to the mass of water x 4.2 x temperature rise

40
Q

What is a more accurate way of measuring the amount of energy in food

A

By using a calorimeter that has insulation to have more accurate results

41
Q

Explain how enzymes work

A

Enzymes have an optimum temperature and an optimum pH level. They have an active site that is shaped specifically for a substrate to bind with it. Enzymes can either find substrates together or reduce them to smaller pieces. When the substrate fits into the active site this is called the enzyme substrate complex. High temperatures or high pH levels can denature the enzyme so the active site becomes altered. When substrate concentration increases so does enzyme activity

42
Q

Example of active transport in animals

A

Glucose gets absorbed into the blood from the small intestine which is from a low to high concentration and uses carrier proteins and energy

43
Q

Example of active transport in plants

A

Minerals are absorbed into root hair cells from the low concentration in the soil to the high concentration in the cell so it has a lot of mitochondria to do this

Biology (9 decks)

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