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Biology > Sb2 > Flashcards

Sb2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

When a cell splits to form two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell

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2
Q

Diploid

A

Two sets of chromosomes (46)

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3
Q

Haploid

A

One set (23)

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4
Q

What happens during interphase

A

Cell is copying itself and making copies of cell parts
The chromosomes that are copied attach togehter making an x shape

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5
Q

What order is mitosis

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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6
Q

What happens in prophase

A

The nucleus starts to breakdown and spindle fibres appear
Nucleus has chromosomes in the middle with spindle fibres shown as a line in the membrane

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7
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

The chromosomes lineup on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell
The chromosomes are in exes on spindle fibres in a straight line across the radius of the cell

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8
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

The chroma zones are separated and move to opposite ends of the cell on the spindle fibres
The exes have been separated on our parallel to each other across the radius

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9
Q

What happens in telephase

A

A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nucleus
The cell is splitting into it looks like an eight with half the chroma zones in the top and a half the chromosomes in the bottom

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10
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

The cell surface membrane forms to separate the two cells so we are ended up with two daughter cells that are identical

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11
Q

Why do we need mitosis to happen

A

For growth and repair

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12
Q

What does asexual production produce

A

Offspring that are clones which means that their cells have the same chromosomes as the parent and they are genetically identical to the parent

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13
Q

What is an example of asexual reproduction

A

Strawberry plants reproduce asexually by using runner stems along the ground and this makes use of mitosis

Acids also reproduce asexually

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14
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

It is much faster than sexual reproduction
It doesn’t require finding a mate
It is efficient

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

It doesn’t produce variation so if a disease or a changing environment happens they can wipe out a whole species because none of them have different characteristics that might enable them to survive

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16
Q

Cancer tumours

A

Or a result of excessive mitosis and are caused by changes in cells that turn them into cancer cells and they undergo uncontrollable mitosis. This rapid cell division produces lumps called tumours that can damage the body and results in cancer and sometimes death

17
Q

Definition of growth

A

An increase in size as a result of an increase in number or size of cells
This can be recorded by taking measurements over time like length mass or weight

18
Q

Why is growth not charted in the first two weeks of a babies life in a percentile chart

A

Because they often lose weight as they are just a feeding from the breast rather than from the placenta

19
Q

What does it mean if the 25th percentile for an eight month old baby is 8 kg

A

This means that 25% of all eight month old babies have a mass below 8 kg
75% of all eight month old babies have a mass above 8 kg

20
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Is when less specialised cells are adapted through the process of differentiation to become specialised for other functions.

21
Q

Adaptations of a red blood cell

A

No nucleus so there’s more space for haemoglobin to be carried
Large surface area allowing oxygen to diffuse in and out more quickly

22
Q

Adaptations of a fat cell

A

Cytoplasm of fat cells is filled with large fat droplets. The fact is stored until the body needs energy

23
Q

Adaptations of a nerve cells

A

Nerve cells have a long fiver that carries electrical impulses around the body

24
Q

Muscle cell adaptations

A

Contain special contractile proteins that can shorten the cell

25
Q

What are meristems

A

A group of cells near the end of each shoot that allows plants to continue growing. 30 divide rapidly by mitosis. These cells that are produced can then increasing length and differentiate into specialised cells

26
Q

Adaptations of a xylem cell

A

Thickened water with stand water pressure
Tiny pores in wall to allow water and mineral salts to enter and leave
No cytoplasm so the vessel is empty for a flow of water to pass through it
Loss of cell walls to form a tube

27
Q

Stem cells in plants

A

They can produce any kind of specialised cells throughout the life of a plant and these are found in the meristems

28
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Can produce any type of specialised cells

29
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Can only produce the type of specialised cell that is around them

30
Q

How are stem cells used to treat different diseases

A

They are stimulated to produce the specialised cell that are needed and then injected into the place required. Embryonic stem cells are the best to use for this because they can specialise into any cell, we use bone marrow stem cells in the cases of blood disease.

31
Q

Problems with stem cells

A

Problems with stem cells include that if they continue to divide inside the body they can cause cancerous tumours
There are ethical issues with the way that embryonic stem cells are harvested
And stem cells from one person often killed by the immune system of another because it is rejected the stem cells

32
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do

A

It is used for offenses language memory consciousness and behaviour. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres that have different functions the right hemisphere communicates with the left side of the body and vice versa

33
Q

Hippo Campus

A

Located underneath the cerebral hemispheres and is thought to be involved in memory and navigation

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

The base of the brain is divided into 2 halves
Controls balance and posture. Coordinates the timing and fine control of muscle activity making sure movements are smooth musicians have developed a bigger cerebellum because they have fine hand movements when they play their instrument

35
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Connects to the spinal cord
Controls your heart rate and your breathing right
And is responsible for reflexes like vomiting sneezing and swallowing

Biology (9 decks)

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