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eff eff see > topic f_applications of fragrances and flavours > Flashcards

topic f_applications of fragrances and flavours Flashcards

1
Q

define fragrance (3)

A

● sweet or pleasant smell
or
● liquid people put on their bodies
● to make themselves smell pleasant

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2
Q

how is gel type air freshener made (4)

A

● based on water or suitable solvent like dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether
● gel is warmed together with water and 10-20% perfume
● forms solid mass
● fragrance diffuses slowly and gel shrinks

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3
Q

suitable solvent for gel type air freshener

A

water or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether

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4
Q

perfume concentration for gel type air freshener

A

10-20%

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5
Q

how is reservoir wick type air freshener prepared

A

● 5-10% perfume dosage

● prepared in glass bottle or plastic container with wick

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6
Q

Lamp Berghe is a type of

A

reservoir wick type air freshener

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7
Q

typical perfume dosage for reservoir wick type air freshener

A

5-10%

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8
Q

how to use aerosol type air freshener (3)

A

● released by spraying
● stream of fine droplets are depressurised when released in air
● actuator releases a cloud of concentrated perfume mist into air

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9
Q

typical perfume dosage of aerosol type air freshener

A

1%

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10
Q

best evaluation method for aerosol type air freshener

A

spray into air (not smelling strip)

because of difference in evaporation rate

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11
Q

why is burner type air freshener increasing in popularity?

A

efficacy and luxurious factors

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12
Q

solvent used in burner air freshener

A

water ONLY

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13
Q

how does burner type air freshener work (5)

A

● burner is filled with water and tea candle placed inside burner
● a few drops of perfume compound is added to water
● heat of candle evaporates perfume
● constant addition of water required
● intensity can be controlled by user

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14
Q

types of air fresheners (10)

A 
● gel
● reservoir wick
● aerosol
● burner
● candles
● potpourri
● incense stick
● diffuser
● reed diffuser
● electric
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15
Q

how is soap made

A

saponification of animal or vegetable fats with sodium carbonate

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16
Q

concerns regarding perfume soap bar (3)

A

● alkaline: breaks down aldehydes and esters
● porous nature of soap: diffusion of perfume compound
● discolouration shows easily eg. indole

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17
Q

fragrance in shampoo should withstand … (3)

A

● lather
● rinse
● drying

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18
Q

two main surfactants in shampoo and why

A

● sodium lauryl sulfate
● sodium laureth/lauryl ether sulfate

low cost for high foaming properties

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19
Q

what is used in anti dandruff shampoo

A

zinc pyrithione

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20
Q

why is viscosity important in shampoo?

A

subliminal message: rich and moisturising

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21
Q

how does antipersipirant work

A

coagulation of protein form at opening of sweat pore, blocking sweat from coming out

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22
Q

two common active agent in antiperspirant

A

● zinc pheolsulfonate
● aluminium chloride

form highly acidic solutions in water due to hydrolysis

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23
Q

normal dosage of perfume used in soaps

A

1-1.5% (musk commonly used)

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24
Q

why is aluminium chlorohydrate used in modern antiperspirants

A

pH 4.5, good for skin

popular: aluminium zirconium chlorohydrate

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25
Q

form of fragrance compound in laundry detergent depends on …

A

mode of washing

  1. hand washing
  2. machine washing (top or front load)
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26
Q

delivery forms of fragrance used in laundry detergent

A

● powder
● liquid
● present with softener
● tablet

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27
Q

different technologies in laundry detergent (4)

A

● antibacteria
● brighteners
● encapsulation
● antiwrinkle

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28
Q

perfume for laundry detergent for cleaning stage

A

clean and fresh odour: citrusy, fresh, aldehydic, green

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29
Q

perfume for laundry detergent for final stage

A

caring and soft image: floral, woody, musky notes

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30
Q

perfume dosage for laundry detergent

A

0.1-0.4%

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31
Q

fragrance used in dishwashing detergent (4) and why (2)

A

● citrusy (lemon most common)
● fresh
● fruity
● spicy

reason:
● connote refreshing feeling
● no trace amounts left on dishes or cutlery

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32
Q

trends in dishwashing detergent (3)

A

● lemon, strawberry, lime
● tea tree, mint, green tea
● machine dishwashing detergent

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33
Q

main functions of fabric softener (3)

A

● softens textile for comfort
● eases ironing
● leaves nice scent on dried clothes

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34
Q

active ingredient in fabric softener

A

quartenary ammonium salt (smooth and anti-static)

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35
Q

perfume dosage in fabric softener

A

0.2-2%

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36
Q

trends in fabric softeners (4)

A

● crystals
● scent boosters
● sheets
● bars

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37
Q

critical stages of fabric softener

A

in-use and dried

38
Q

flavour (noun) vs (verb)

A

(noun) how a food or drink tastes, a particular quality or character
(verb) to give a particular taste to food or drink

39
Q

what drinks have higher dosage of flavour than others

and why (2)

A

alcoholic drinks

reason
● alcohol suppresses perception of flavour materials
● alcohol derived from low quality carbs (eg. sugar cane) requires flavour with masking effect

40
Q

what is a good emulsion

and how to achieve it (3)

A

should not rise and form a ring to the drink during storage

● reduce emulsion particle size
● increase viscosity of drink
● increase density of oil phase using weighing agents (brominated veg oil, sucrose acetate, gum, etc.)

41
Q

biggest problem in emulsion beverages

A

oxidation (fix w antioxidants)

42
Q

flavour dosage in emulsion beverages

A

0.02-0.03%

43
Q

challenge in flavouring citrus beverages and solution

A

● solubility problem due to high terpene level

● remove terpenes is solution

44
Q

function of emulsion used in citrus flavour

A

give cloud and flavour

45
Q

flavour component of chewing gum consists of: (2)

A

● polar components (perceived first)

● nonpolar components (perceived later)

46
Q

what to take note of when flavouring chewing gum (2)

A

● polarity (flavour perception)

● mouthfeel (texture)

47
Q

a good flavour for chewing gum is created using ingredients with limited range of polarity

A

ok

48
Q

two solvents that are not advisable for chewing gum

A

● water: makes mix sticky

● propylene glycol: gives hardening effects

49
Q

better solvents for chewing gum (3)

A

● triacetin
● medium chain triglycerides
● HC terpenes eg. limoneneq

50
Q

flavour dosage for chewing gum

A

1.6%

high bc flavour is to remain in gum base even after prolonged chewing

51
Q

biggest challenge in producing milk (1 problem, 2 impacts)

A

high heat (eg. UHT treatment) results in need for flavour rebalancing
● cooked note must be masked
● packaging for UHT products can absorb smaller flavour molecules and thus result in loss of top notes

52
Q

flavour dosage for milk

A

0.04%

53
Q

biggest challenges in producing yoghurt (3)

A
  1. high heat (eg. UHT treatment) results in need for flavour rebalancing
    ● cooked note must be masked
    ● packaging for UHT products can absorb smaller flavour molecules and thus result in loss of top notes
  2. pH level of yopghurt depending on bacterial culture can alter flavour perception
  3. low fat or pasteurised yogurt needs use of stabilisers
54
Q

challenge in producing cheese

A

● causes protein binding

● flavour reformulation may be needed due to fat content

55
Q

flavour dosage in cheese

A

0.08%

56
Q

flavour dosage in margarine

A

0.02%

57
Q

challenges in producing margarine (2)

A
  1. partition effect
    - oil and water soluble flavours must be added separately to each phase of product
  2. low fat margarine: flavours simulate fat
58
Q

flavour dosage in popsicles and sorbet

A

0.04%

59
Q

precautions to take when flavouring frozen confectionary (2)

A

● volatile compounds must be enhanced to increase impact when product is consumed
● fat content must be stored long enough to ensure sufficient interactions

60
Q

flavour dosage for ice cream

A

0.1%, etc

61
Q

problem with meats

A

polar groups are arranged outside and nonpolar groups are folded inside

62
Q

isovaleraldehyde

A

use of isovaleraldehyde is evident in protein binding

generates flavour when meat is heated

63
Q

why are flavours added to meat? (2)

A

● modify dominant meat character

● impart their own character

64
Q

flavour dosage in meats like burgers and sausage

A

0.01%

65
Q

requirement for flavour in pharmaceutical products (3)

A
  1. very stable (long shelf life)
  2. registered with health authorities
  3. should not interact with active ingredient
66
Q

what kinds of flavours are added to pharmaceutical products (4)

A

● maltol, vanillin: cough syrups
● orange, blackcurrant: vitamins
● mint, anise: antacids (stable in alkali medium, masks chalky character)
● cherry (and other phenolic/antibacterial agents): medicated candies eg. lozenges

67
Q

flavour dosage for cough syrup

A

0.05%

68
Q

flavour dosage for vitamin tablets

A

0.16%

69
Q

flavour dosage for antacids and ready to drink

A

0.05%

70
Q

flavour dosage for medicated candy

A

0.08%

71
Q

common flavour of snacks in US and UK

A

cheese (UK likes cheddar and onion)

72
Q

common flavour of snacks in Europe

A

paprika

73
Q

flavour seasoning dosage on potato chips

A

0.56-1%

74
Q

preferred forms of flavours in marshmallows and nougat (2)

A

● emulsion

● spray dried powder

75
Q

stabilisers used in marshmallows and nougats and why

A

egg albumen and gelatin

they are aerated (makes them have air bubbles and spongy)

76
Q

challenges in flavouring marshmallows and nougats (3)

A

● solvents may denature stabilisers
● do not use ingredients prone to oxidation (will expose to air)
● do not use oil-based flavours

77
Q

when flavouring toffee and caramel, most important thing is

A

ingredients must be heat resistant as heat is involved in production

78
Q

why is flavouring needed in toffee and caramel

A

● flavours tend to partition into fat used

● some masking ingredients needed sometimes

79
Q

best solvents for hard candy (2) and how to improve flavouring (2)

A

● propylene glycol
● triethyl citrate

● use solvents at low levels to avoid bitterness
● flavour dispersion can be enhanced by adding surfactant

80
Q

do flavours require rebalancing for component loss in hard candy and why

A

require little rebalancing

flavour is added late

81
Q

flavour dosage in hard candy

A

0.08%

82
Q

requirement for flavouring for chocolate

A

water free

83
Q

why should we NOT put PG in chocolate

A

prevent bloom

84
Q

flavour dosage for chocorlate

A

0.1%

85
Q

what to note when flavouring soups and sauces

A

difficult to flavour foods that are consumed hot as more volatile components can be lost at high temps, so must use ingredients that can withstand high temp

86
Q

flavour dosage for cream based sauce

A

0.02-0.03%

87
Q

how to flavour tea

A

liquid flavour can be used over loose tea leaves

88
Q

precaution when flavouring tea (2)

A

must remove terpenes or else they may cause
● flavour loss through evaporation and oxidation
● tea not being clear when brewed

89
Q

why is bergamot used as one of the few citrus flavours used for tea

A

contains less oxidising terpenes

90
Q

latest laundry detergent innovations (5)

A 
● sheets
● pods
● magnets
● gems
● ultra concentrated
91
Q

why is mint and anise used to flavour antacids (2)

A

● stable in alkali medium

● mask chalky taste

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