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Biology > Topic Eight - DNA Technology > Flashcards

Topic Eight - DNA Technology Flashcards

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1
Q

what effect does deletion have on DNA?

A

frame shift to left

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2
Q

what effect does addition have on DNA?

A

frame shift to right

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3
Q

what effect does duplication have on DNA?

A

frame shift to right

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4
Q

what effect does inversion have on DNA?

A

makes a different/ non-functional protein

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5
Q

what effect does substitution have on DNA?

A
  • makes a stop codeon = protein cut short
  • codes for a different a.a = different/non-functional protein
  • no effect (degenerate code)
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6
Q

what does translocation do to the DNA?

A

cuts one chromosome short and adds the gene onto another chromosome

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7
Q

what effect does translocation have on DNA?

A

changes gene expression

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8
Q

what cell types can totipotent stem cells differentiate into?

A

any cell type

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9
Q

what cell types can pluripotent stem cells differentiate into?

A

many cell types

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10
Q

what cell types can multipotent stem cells differentiate into?

A

limited cell types

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11
Q

what cell types can unipotent stem cells differentiate into?

A

1 cell type

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12
Q

where are pluripotent cells found, and what is the ethical issue?

A

embryo - destroyed
foetus - aborted/miscarried

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13
Q

where are multipotent cells found, and what is the ethical issue?

A

adult bone marrow - painful + risky
umbilical cord - naturally detaches

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14
Q

what are iPS cells?

A

unipotent cells that are genetically altered to have characteristics of embryonic cells (pluripotent)

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15
Q

what does an active binding site on a transcription factor do?

A

stimulates transcription

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16
Q

what does an inactive binding site on a transcription factor do?

A

inhibits transcription

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17
Q

how does oestrogen initate transcription?

A
  • binds to receptor on transcription factor
  • TF’s tertiary structure changes = complementary to DNA
  • Tf moves to nucleus
  • binds to a specific DNA sequence
  • imitates transcription
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18
Q

how is oestrogen linked to breast cancer?

A
  • after menopause more oestrogen produced
  • more transcription
  • tumour
  • increase in oestrogen conc.
  • increases tumour development
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19
Q

definition: epigenetics

A

heritable changes in gene function without changes to the base sequence of DNA

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20
Q

what does the epigenome do?

A

determines the shape of the DNA-histone complex

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21
Q

what is the epigenome?

A

the layer of tags that covers DNA + histones

22
Q

what can effect the epigenome?

A

stress, diet, exercise

23
Q

what happens when the DNA is tightly packed?

A

Tf + RNA polymerase can’t reach genes
= transcription is inhibited = gene is inactive

24
Q

what happens when the DNA is lossley packed?

A

Tf + RNA polymerase can reach genes
= transcription is stimulated = gene is active

25
Q

where are tags found on the DNA?

A

methyl groups - bind to DNA
acetyl groups - bind to histones

26
Q

what is acetylation?

A

addition of an acetyl molecule
that is donated from Acetyl CoA

27
Q

what is methylation?

A

addition of CH3
its added to the C base of DNA

28
Q

what causes translation to be inhibited?

A

increased methylation
decreased acetlyation

29
Q

what causes translation to be stimulated?

A

decreased methylation
increased acetylation

30
Q

how does gestational diabetes occur?

A
  • fetus is exposed to high conc. of glucose
  • = epigenetic changes in daughter’s DNA
  • increases chance she gets it
31
Q

what are the two types of RNAi, and their diffrences?

A

miRNA (single stranded)
SiRNA (double stranded)

32
Q

how does RNAi stop translation?

A

miRNA / 1 strand of SiRNA, binds w a protein complex = RNA induced silencing complex (RISC)
RISC binds with mRNA, stoping translation by:
breaking mRNA OR prevents ribosomes from attaching to mRNA

33
Q

what are the diffrences between benign and malignant tumours?

A

benign:
- localised effect
- less life threatening
- removed by surgery
- rarely reoccur
malignant:
- systemic effect
- more life threatening
- removed by surgery and treatment
- more likely to reoccur

34
Q

what do tumour suppressor genes do?

A
  • slow/prevent cell division
  • repair DNA mistakes
  • apoptosis
35
Q

what happens when a tumour suppressor gene is inactive?

A

HUGE increase in cell division = tumour

36
Q

how do tumour suppressor genes become inactive?

A
  • gene mutation
  • increased methylation
37
Q

what do proto-oncogenes do?

A

increase cell division

38
Q

what are oncogenes?

A

mutated proto-oncogenes

39
Q

what do oncogenes do?

A

HUGE increase in cell division = tumour

40
Q

what is gel electrophoresis used for?

A

to seperate
DNA - by mass
RNA - by mass
proteins - by mass or charge

41
Q

what are the three ways a protein fragment is produced?

A

restriction endonuclease
reverse transcriptase
gene machine

42
Q

what are the three ways a DNA fragment is produced?

A

restriction endonuclease
reverse transcriptase
gene machine

43
Q

how do restriction endonuclease create DNA fragments?

A

they cut DNA @ recognition sites
= blunt ends or sticky ends

44
Q

how does reverse transcriptase create DNA fragements?

A
  • adds nucleotides to mRNA molecule = new strand called cDNA
  • enzyme destroys mRNA strands
  • 2nd strand is built by DNA polymerase = complete DNA fragment
45
Q

how does the gene machine create DNA fragements?

A
  • sequence is generated from the database
  • safety check
  • computer designs oligonucleotides
  • oligonucleotides join to make a gene
46
Q

what happens in in vivo cloning?

A
  • DNA fragment is prepared
  • insert fragment into the vector, using DNA ligase
  • place into host cell (use Ca2+ & heat shock)
  • identify bacteria with recombinant DNA (enzyme, fluorescence, antibiotic resistance)
  • multiply bacteria
47
Q

what is replica plating?

A
  • taking sample of bacteria into a new plate with the antibiotic, bacteria is at the same place
  • bacteria that dies = has the recombinant DNA
48
Q

what is the process in in vitro cloning?

A

PCR
1) heated to 95°C -> breaks all the H bonds
2) cooled + DNA primers attach
3) heated, taq polymerase + nucleotides attach to each strand

49
Q

what are the two ways of labeling DNA probes?

A

radioactive and fluorescent

50
Q

how do you screen for genetic disorders?

A
  1. multiply the DNA probe (PCR)
  2. heat the DNA sample
  3. Add probes + cool mixture
  4. wash DNA sample
  5. check for attachment
51
Q

what are VNTRs?

A

repetitive, non-coding DNA sequences that are directly next to each other

52
Q

how is genetic fingerprinting done?

A
  1. collect DNA sample
  2. use PCR to multiply DNA
  3. restriction enzymes are used to produce VNTR DNA fragments
  4. use gel electrophoresis to separate VNTRs
  5. add alkali to separate VNTRs into single strands
  6. add complementary DNA probes to identify VNTRs
  7. Compare VNTR patterns

Biology (11 decks)

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