Topic D: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
Vitamins Needed for Energy Production
A
Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), and Pantothenic Acid (B5)
2
Q
Thyroxine
A
Regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation
- Makes glucose available by stimulating liver glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen –> glucose) and gluconeogenesis (conversion of non-carbs –> carbs)
3
Q
BMR is highest when?
A
Ages 0-2
4
Q
Indirect Calorimetry
A
Measures O2 consumption and CO2 excretion using a portable machine
- A practical way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy & determining calorie needs
5
Q
How to lower RQ
A
Increase fat intake
6
Q
Sweetest sugar
A
Fructose
7
Q
How does sorbitol (an alcohol from glucose) compare to glucose in terms of sweetness?
A
Sorbitol is slightly less sweet
8
Q
3 Amino Acids that contain Sulfer
A
Cysteine, cystine, and methionine
9
Q
Soybeans are low in what amino acid?
A
Methionine
10
Q
Most polyunsaturated fat
A
Safflower oil
11
Q
Most unsaturated fat
A
Canola oil
12
Q
Most saturated fat
A
Coconut oil
13
Q
Most monounsaturated fat
A
Olive oil
14
Q
Linoleic Acid is what type of fat?
A
Omega-6
15
Q
A lack of linoleic acid can lead to…
A
Poor growth rate (and eczema, petechiae)
16
Q
If linoleic acid replaces CHO
A
LDL decreases, HDL increases
17
Q
If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat
A
Total cholesterol and HDL decrease
18
Q
Alpha-linolenic acid is what type of fat?
A
Omega-3
19
Q
Effect of alpha-linolenic acid consumption
A
- Decreased hepatic production of TAG (inhibits VLDL synthesis)
- Little effect on total cholesterol levels
20
Q
Examples of alpha-linolenic acid
A
EPA and DHA
21
Q
In fats, how is the omega sign designated?
A
By the location of he first double bond, counted from the METHYL END of the fatty acid
22
Q
Best sources of trans fat
A
Margarines, shortenings, frying fats
23
Q
Why does fat provide more energy than CHOs?
A
Fat has more carbon atoms for oxidation
24
Q
Winterized Oil
A
Won’t crystalize when cold; useful in prepping salad dressings
25
Functions of Vitamin A
Skin, vision
26
Sources of Vitamin A
Yellow & orange fruits, dark leafy green veggies
| Cantaloupe, carrots, sweet potato, apricots, fish, liver, fortified skin milk
27
Earliest sign of Vitamin A Deficiency
Nyctalopia (night blindness)
28
One of the least toxic vitamins
Vitamin E
29
Functions of Vitamin E
- *Antioxidant
| - Resists hemolysis of RBC
30
Sources of Vitamin K
Green, leafy veggies (spinach, kale, broccoli)
31
Stability of Thiamin when cooking
- Heat stable in acid
| - Lost as temp or pH rises (during cooking)
32
Function of Thiamin (B1)
CHO Oxidation (B1 needs increase when CHO intake increases)
33
Signs of Thiamin Deficiency
Beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia
- Decreased erythrocyte transketolase
- Increased plasma pyruvate (a clinical indicator)
34
Signs of Riboflavin Deficiency
- *Cheilosis (cracked lips)
- *Magenta tongue
- * Angular stomatitis (mouth corner cracks, sore throat)
- Growth failure
35
As the body's energy expenditure increases, the need for what also increases?
- Thiamin (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pantothenic Acid (B5)
36
Sources of folate
- Fortified dry cereal
- Liver
- Kidney
- Green leafy veggies
- Citrus fruits
- Lentils
- Beans
37
As protein intake increases, what vitamin is needed in larger amounts?
Pyridoxine (B6)
38
Function of Pantothenic Acid
Acts as Coenzyme A in energy release
39
How is biotin synthesized?
By intestinal bacteria
40
Most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
41
Calcium is regulated by
Parathyroid hormone
42
Calcium absorption is aided by...
- Vitamin D
- Acid
- Lactose
43
Effect of calcitonin on serum calcium
Calcitonin lowers serum Ca by inhibiting bone resorption
44
Sign of Vitamin C deficiency
Bleeding gums
45
Sources of Phosphorus
Animal proteins
- Meat
- Poultry
- Fish
- Milk
- Eggs
- Cheese
46
Type of iron that absorbable
Ferrous
47
Sources of iron
Heme: Animal foods (meat, fish, poultry)
| Non-Heme: Cereals, veggies
48
Form of iron that's poorly absorbed
Non-heme
49
How to increase iron absorption
- Gastric juice
| - Vitamin C
50
Influence of Calcium on Iron Absorption
Calcium helps if oxalates are present
- Oxalates in diet bind to iron. If Ca is also in the diet, Ca will bind to the oxalates first, which frees up iron for absorption
51
What increases Mg needs?
High intakes of protein, calcium, or vitamin D
52
Decreased serum copper is associated with what?
Wilson's Disease
53
Sources of Sulfur
Animal proteins
- Meat
- Poultry
- Fish
- Eggs
54
Insensible water loss (skin, breathing) per day
0.8-1.2 L/day
55
Atomic Weights & Valence of Sodium
AW: 23
Valence: 1
56
Atomic Weights & Valence of Potassium
AW: 39
Valence: 1
57
Atomic Weights & Valence of Calcium
AW: 40
Valence: 2
58
Normal range of sodium
136-145 mEq/L
59
Symptoms of Dehydration
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Sunken eyes
- Fever
- Hyperventilation
- Excessive sweating
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Decreased appetite
- Rapid weight loss
60
Acid/Base Balance: Lungs control...
Carbonic Acid (An acid, H2CO3)
61
Acid/Base Balance: Kidneys control
Bicarbonate (A base, HCO3)
62
Weight gain guidelines during pregnancy: Normal weight female (BMI 18.5-24.9)
25-35 lbs
63
Weight gain guidelines during pregnancy: Underweight female (BMI < 18.5)
28-40 lbs
64
Weight gain guidelines during pregnancy: Overweight female (BMI 25-29.9)
15-25 lbs
65
Weight gain guidelines during pregnancy: Obese female (BMI >/= 30)
11-20 lbs
66
High-risk pregnancies:
- Who is at highest risk?
- Weight gain goals
- Black and very young (teenage) women
| - Weight gain goals: Strive for upper end of weight gain ranges to reduce risk
67
Weight gain goals during pregnancy
First 3 months: 1 lb/month
| Months 4-9: 1 lb/week
68
Pregnancies defined as "at-risk"
- Failure to gain 4 lbs/month in last half of pregnancy
- < 16 or 35+ years old
- < 12 months between pregnancies
69
Pregnant adolescents have increased needs of what?
Iron, calcium, zinc
70
Role of linolenic acid in pregnancy
Development of the fetal nervous system
71
Normal birth weight
2500-4000 g
72
Low birth weight (LBL)
< 5.5 lbs (2500 g)
73
Very low birth weight (VLBW)
< 3.3 lbs (1500 g)
74
Extremely low birth weight (ELBW)
< 1000 g
75
Small for gestational age (SGA)
< 10th percentile birth weight for gestational age
76
Appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
10th to 90th percentile
77
Large for gestational age (LGA)
> 90th percentile
78
Estimated Energy Requirement for Babies 0-6 months
Female: 520
Male: 570
79
Estimated Energy Requirement for Babies 7-12 months
Female: 676
Male: 743
80
Breastfeeding Recommendations
Exclusively breast-feed for first 6 months, then supplement by weaning foods for at least up to 12 months
81
2 Supplements needed by breastfed infants
Per day: 400 IU Vitamin D and 0.25 mg fluoride
82
Infant formula needs
2.5 oz/lb/day
83
When should solid foods be introduced to babies?
4-6 months; when sitting posture can be sustained and extrusion reflex diminishes
(begin with iron-fortified cereal, then strained veggies or fruit)
84
Weight for length/stature
- Normal range
- Reflects...
Normal Range: 5th-95th percentile
| Reflects short-term changes in nutritional status
85
Stature/length for age
- Normal range
- Reflects...
Normal Range: >/= 5th percentile
| Reflects long-term nutritional status (determines the extent of stunting)
86
Weight for age
- Normal range
- Reflects...
Normal range: 5th-95th percentile
| A short-term marker of growth; affected by acute nutritional stress or illness
87
BMI for age percentiles
Underweight: < 5th
Healthy weight: 5-84th
Overweight: 85th to 94th
Obese: >/= 95th or BMI > 30
88
Failure to thrive may result from:
- * Lack of fiber leading to chronic constipation
- *Diminished intake
- Acute or chronic illness
- Restricted diet
- Poor appetite
89
RDAs for Protein (19+ years old)
Male: 56 g
Females: 46 g
90
During and after endurance physical activity, consume what 3 things?
Fluid, CHOs, Sodium
91
Primary energy source at rest and during normal activities
Fat
92
During prolonged exercise, how does energy utilization change?
Increased reliance on CHO to provide pyruvate for continued lipid oxidation
93
Botanicals that may interact with anticoagulants
- Black cohosh
- Garlic
- Ginger
- Ginkgo biloba
- Ginseng
94
The liver produces what?
Bile
95
The liver stores what?
Glycogen
96
The liver synthesizes what?
Glucose
97
Where does protein digestion begin?
The stomach
98
How are the enzymes of the small intestine and pancreas able to operate at a more neutral pH?
Fluids are secreted (ex - bicarbonate in the pancreas) that help neutralize the acidic chyme
99
What does the large intestine absorb?
Water, salts, and the vitamins synthesized by bacteria
100
Bacteria convert fibers into?
Short-chained fatty acids (acetate, butyrate, propionate, lactate)
101
Function of SCFAs
- Stimulate water and sodium absorption in the colon
| - Provide substrates for energy production
102
Where does lactase come from?
The small intestine
103
Enzymes for CHO digestion are available in what order?
1. Maltase, sucrase (~week 30 of gestation)
2. Lactase (reaches adult levels @ birth)
3. Pancreatic amylase (remains low for 6 months after birth)
104
Glucogenic Amino Acids
- What are they?
- What % of AA are glucogenic?
- AA that yield glucose following deamination
| - 58% of AA are glucogenic
105
Most glucogenic amino acid
Alanine (the alanine-glucose cycle)
106
Hormones that decrease blood glucose
Insulin
107
Hormones that increase blood glucose
- Glucagon
- Glucocorticoids
- Epinephrine
- Growth Hormone (ACTH)
108
What happens to blood glucose levels during catabolic stress?
Epinephrine suppresses insulin secretion, which elevates blood glucose levels
109
Effect of glucocorticoids on blood glucose? How?
Increase blood glucose by catabolizing protein -->glucose (gluconeogenesis; requires pyridoxine)
110
End products of glucose metabolism
Energy (ATP), CO2, and water
111
Purpose of glycolysis
To produce pyruvate for the Kreb's Cycle by breaking down glucose (with or without oxygen) into pyruvate or lactate
112
End product of aerobic glycolysis
Pyruvate
113
End product of anaerobic glycolysis
Lactate
114
What occurs in the cori cycle?
Lactate is released from tissues, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate
115
What are required to convert pyruvic acid --> acetyl CoA?
Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Magnesium, lipoic acid
116
Intermediate breakdown product of all 3 macronutrients
Acetyl CoA
117
How does fat enter the TCA cycle?
A two-carbon fragment
118
What is required to convert pyruvate --> oxaloacetate?
Biotin
119
Reversible Reactions in Energy Metabolism
Glucose-6-Phosphate to/from Glycogen
Glucose-6-Phosphate to/from Pyruvic Acid
Pyruvic Acid to/from Lactic acid (Cori cycle)
120
Irreversible Reactions in Energy Metabolism
Pyruvic Acid --> Acetyl CoA
| The transition from glycolysis to the TCA cycle
121
In protein metabolism, what is needed to transport AA? Where do they travel to/from?
Pyridoxine transports AA from intestinal villi capillaries --> portal bloodstream
122
3 Branched Chain Amino Acids
Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
| "LIV"
123
Function of Adrenal Steroids (Glucocorticoids)
Stimulate protein catabolism (stimulate gluconeogenesis, which releases glucose from protein)
124
How are most nutrients absorbed?
Active transport
| Glucose, AA, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe
125
What is required for Vitamin D absorption?
The acidity of the chyme in the stomach
126
Vitamin B12 absorption:
- Where does it occur?
- Requires what?
- Occurs in the ilium
| - Requires stomach secretions (HCl and intrinsic factor)
127
Effect of Insulin on blood glucose
Decreases blood glucose: Beta cells of pancreas produce insulin, which induces cells to take up blood glucose
128
Effect of Glucagon on blood glucose
Increases blood glucose: Alpha cells of pancreas produce glucagon, which converts liver glycogen --> glucose (glycogenolysis)
129
Effect of Glucocorticoids on blood glucose
Increase blood glucose: Convert protein --> glucose (gluconeogenesis); Requires pyridoxine
130
Effect of Epinephrine on blood glucose
Increase blood glucose:
- Stimulates liver and muscle glycogenolysis (glycogen --> glucose)
- During catabolic stress, it decreases insulin release from the pancreas
131
Epinephrine:
- Where is it produced?
- Other than its effects on blood glucose, epinephrine stimulates what?
- Produced in the adrenal medulla
| - Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
132
Effect of Growth Hormone on blood glucose
Increases blood glucose (is an insulin antagonist)
133
Effect of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) on blood glucose
Increases blood glucose (is an insulin antagonist)
