Topic D Flashcards
Potential energy
Stored energy available to do work
Kinetic energy
The energy of motion
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, although it can be converted into other forms
First law of thermodynamics
All energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surrounding as heat (entropy)
Second law of thermodynamics
Entropy
The measure of how much energy is unavailable to do work because it has turned to heat
How does entropy exist if organisms are so organized?
They are not isolated from their surroundings; they can increase in complexity as long as something else decreases in complexity by a greater amount
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that consume or generate energy
Metabolic reactions that require energy input from the reactants, the products
Contain more energy than the reactants
Metabolic reactions that release energy
The reactants contain more energy than the products
What are the 3 components of ADP (adenosine triphosphate)
3 phosphate groups, adenine (base), and ribose (sugar)
What is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)?
It is restored to ATP by taking in energy from the environment
How is an autotroph different from a heterotroph?
Autotrophs are able to use inorganic substances to produce organic compounds. Heterotrophs can only consume preexisting organic molecules
Examples of autotrophs
Plants, algae, bacteria
Examples of heterotrophs
Animals, fungi, bacteria
What organelle is the site for photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
Converts kinetic (light) energy into potential energy in glucose bonds
Photosynthesis
6CO(2) + 6H(2)O —(light energy)—-> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
What is the source of energy for photosynthesis?
The sun
Which molecule stores potential energy at the end of photosynthesis?
Glucose
All electromagnetic radiation consists of photons, which are?
Discrete packets of kinetic energy that travel in waves
What parts of a plant captures light and energy?
Chlorophyll A and accessory pigments (chlorophyll B and carotenoids)
What are the main organs of photosynthesis in plants?
Leaves, roots, and stomata
Where does gas exchange happen in a plant?
Stomata
Cellular respiration (AKA aerobic respiration)
Converts potential energy (in glucose) into ATP that cells use to do work
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) —-> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + Energy (36 ATP)
What organelle is the site for cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
Why do plants carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis produces the glucose that plants need for energy, and cellular respiration is the process that breaks down that glucose to release usable energy (ATP)
How is matter recycled though the rearrangement of bonds in chemical reactions?
Bonds between the atoms break, then the atoms recombine to form new bonds, creating different product molecules
