Topic C Flashcards
One of the unifying principles of biology that states that all organisms are made of one or more cells, cells are the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells
Cell Theory
Structures common to ALL cells
Every cell has DNA and RNA, enclosed by a plasma membrane, contains a water-based fluid called cytosol, contains ribosomes, and contains cytoplasm
What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?
The cytoplasm includes all cell contents except the nucleus. The cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
What is the advantage of having cells close to the surface?
Nutrients, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste products enter or leave a cell through it’s surface
Prokaryotes
Organisms with prokaryotic cells
Description of prokaryotic cells
Lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles, unicellular, smaller than eukaryotic cells
What domains are prokaryotic cells put in?
Domain archaea and domain bacteria
Share characteristics with bacteria and eukaryotes but have unique structures and chemistry (closer related to eukaryotes)
Domain Archaea
Most abundant and diverse organisms, Earth’s oldest organisms, most have a cell wall that protects the cell and gives it shape, DNA is circular and is located in the nucleoid
Domain Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Organisms with eukaryotic cells
Description of eukaryotic cells
Have a true nucleus, larger than prokaryotic cells, have a cytoskeleton made of protein, and can be unicellular or multicellular
What domain are eukaryotic cells placed in?
Domain eukaryote
What kingdoms are in domain eukaryote?
Category of Protista (includes many kingdoms) and kingdom Animalia, kingdom Fungai, and kingdom Plantae
What are organelles?
Structures inside cells that have specific shapes and functions
True or false: organelles are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but only eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles
True
What are organelles made of?
Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are two structures that plant cells have but animal cells lack?
Cell wall and chloroplast
Structures that manufacture proteins
Ribosomes
Forms a boundary between the cell wall and it’s environment, encloses the cytoplasm
Cell (plasma) membrane
Provides structural support and protection to plant cells only
Cell wall
Small membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell; can pinch off one organelle and fuse to another in a cell
Vesicles
This functions as a “recipe” for every protein a cell can make
Nucleus
Studded with ribosomes making proteins that enter the inner ER and the proteins will then be secreted from the cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesizes lipids and other membrane components, houses enzymes that detoxify drugs/poison, in muscles it stores/delivers calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Proteins from ER pass through here and are folded and functional now, manufactures and attaches carbs to proteins/lipids as “name tags” to be recognized by the immune system
Golgi apparatus
Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle/recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn-out organelles, and debris in animal cells only
Lysosomes
Watery solution of enzymes that degrade/recycle molecules and organelles, grows plant cells, and helps plants stay upright and rigid; found in both animal and plant cells but more common in plants
Vacuoles
Organelles that contain several types of enzymes that dispose of toxic substance
Peroxisome
Organelles that use cellular respiration to extract needed energy from food, includes DNA and RNA, only found in animal cells
Mitochondria
The site of photosynthesis, includes DNA and RNA, only found in plant cells
Chloroplast
