Topic C - Nervous system, neurological diseases and the eye part 2 Flashcards
comparison of control between somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic: Voluntary (can be controlled)
autonomic: Involuntary (cannot be controlled)
comparison of neural pathway between somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic: One motor neuron extends from the CNS to an effector (one synapse)
autonomic: A pre-ganglionic neuron extends from the CNS to an autonomic ganglion and synapses with a
post-ganglionic neuron that extends to an effector (two synapses)
comparison of neurotransmitters between somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic: Acetylcholine (ACh)
autonomic: Pre-ganglionic neurons: ACh, Post-ganglionic: ACh or norepinephrine/noradrenaline
comparison of effector between somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic: Skeletal muscle
autonomic: Smooth muscle (digestive, blood vessels), cardiac muscle, glands
comparison of action between somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic: Excitatory (muscle contracts)
autonomic: Excitatory or inhibitor
comparison of examples between somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic: Muscles movements on hands, legs, neck, etc
autonomic: Heart rate, peristalsis, pupil reaction, etc
comparison of control centres between somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic: Frontal lobe
autonomic: : Hypothalamus (interbrain)
what does Autonomic Nervous Systems (ANS) consist of and what is its function?
• Consist of mainly PNS
• It functions mostly by involuntary reflexes
• To maintain homeostasis (balanced/normal
environment) in changing internal conditions
what are the effectors of the ANS? where are the sensory and motor impulses carried in?
- Effectors are: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.
- Sensory impulses – centers in hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord
- Motor impulses – to be carried to effectors via cranial or spinal nerves
what is the sympathetic division and what is it responsible for?
prepare for physical action to meet emergencies
Fight or flight (‘F or F’)
*Involuntary reflexes
Effectors are: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.
what is the parasympathetic division and what is it responsible for?
dominant under normal, non-stressful/relax conditions
Rest and relax (‘R & R’)
remember to look at the table for the response in efforters
ogey
what are the 6 types of headaches?
migraines headaches caused by digestive problems stress headaches tension headaches sinus headaches anxiety headaches
what is a primary headache? (HA) give eg
• stand-alone illnesses caused directly by the
overactivity of, or problems with, structures in the
head that are pain-sensitive.
• This includes the blood vessels, muscles, and nerves of the head and neck. They may also result from changes in chemical activity in the brain.
• Eg. migraines, tension headaches, cluster HA
what is a secondary headache? (HA) give eg
symptoms that happen when another condition stimulates the pain-sensitive nerves of the head. In other words, the headache symptoms can be attributed to another cause.
• Eg. alcohol-induced hangover, brain tumor, blood clots, bleeding in or around the brain, concussion, dehydration, glaucoma, teeth-grinding at night, influenza, overuse of pain medication, panic attacks, stroke
what causes multiple sclerosis? what are some of its signs/symptoms?
• Characterized by demyelination of the axons (help
with conduction of nerve impulses, nerve became uninsulated, direction of impulse is difficult to control)
• Unknown cause, may be hereditary
-It is an autoimmune disease (body cannot distinguish
self from non-self)
signs/symptoms: Loss of sensation/touch, motor control/movement, vision. In severe cases, can cause dementia.
• Patient are usually wheelchair-bound.
what impact does multiple sclerosis have on the eyes?
- Nystagmus - Involuntary rapid eye movement.
• Pain, double vision
• 2. Optic neuritis – severe inflammation of the optic nerve
-Loss of vision
what is a brain tumor and what are its symptoms ?
Any tumor, extra tissue, or fluid can cause pressure on the brain and result in the following symptoms:
• Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) - caused by extra tissue or fluid in the brain that can leads to Headache.
• Brain damage-Life threatening
• HA (worse in morning), nausea, vomiting, change in
speech, vision & hearing, balancing/walking problem,
mood/personality change, memory, muscle
jerking/twitching, numbness/tingling in arms & legs.
what are the 2 types of brain tumor?
benign:
no cancer cells, removed & never grow back, but it may became malignant
malignant:
has cancer cells, rapid grow/spread to other part of brain/spinal cord (metastasis) but not to other part of body, life threatening
what are the risk factors and diagnosis of brain tumors?
Risk factors: ionizing radiation (eg. High dose x-ray),
family history
Diagnosis: Medical imaging (eg. CT scan, MRI), Tissue biopsy (to study the cell/tissue change)
what are the impacts of pituitary and cerebellar tumor?
pituitary tumor:
- Press on optic chiasma
- Cause hemianopia=Visual field loss
cerebellar tumor:
Press on visual cortex/optic radiation
